• Title/Summary/Keyword: advanced packaging

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Effect of Ta/Cu Film Stack Structures on the Interfacial Adhesion Energy for Advanced Interconnects (미세 배선 적용을 위한 Ta/Cu 적층 구조에 따른 계면접착에너지 평가 및 분석)

  • Son, Kirak;Kim, Sungtae;Kim, Cheol;Kim, Gahui;Joo, Young-Chang;Park, Young-Bae
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 2021
  • The quantitative measurement of interfacial adhesion energy (Gc) of multilayer thin films for Cu interconnects was investigated using a double cantilever beam (DCB) and 4-point bending (4-PB) test. In the case of a sample with Ta diffusion barrier applied, all Gc values measured by the DCB and 4-PB tests were higher than 5 J/㎡, which is the minimum criterion for Cu/low-k integration without delamination. However, in the case of the Ta/Cu sample, measured Gc value of the DCB test was lower than 5 J/㎡. All Gc values measured by the 4-PB test were higher than those of the DCB test. Measured Gc values increase with increasing phase angle, that is, 4-PB test higher than DCB test due to increasing plastic energy dissipation and roughness-related shielding effects, which matches well interfacial fracture mechanics theory. As a result of the 4-PB test, Ta/Cu and Cu/Ta interfaces measured Gc values were higher than 5 J/㎡, suggesting that Ta is considered to be applicable as a diffusion barrier and a capping layer for Cu interconnects. The 4-PB test method is recommended for quantitative adhesion energy measurement of the Cu interconnect interface because the thermal stress due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion and the delamination due to chemical mechanical polishing have a large effect of the mixing mode including shear stress.

Perspective on the Development of the Cooperation Group Standards of Acupuncture Needles for Single Use in Korea (일회용침 단체표준의 개발과 향후 전망)

  • Jang, In-Soo;Kim, Jang-Hyun;Park, Jae-Hyun;Park, Jong-Bae;Park, Hi-Joon;Seo, Jung-Chul;Song, Ho-Seop;Lee, In-Hwan;Lee, Hyang-Soo;Choi, Seon-Mi;Han, Chang-Ho;Koo, Sung-Tae
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.27 no.3 s.67
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    • pp.222-226
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    • 2006
  • Objective: The aim of this study was to introduce newly developed cooperation group standards of acupuncture needles for single use and to make a contribution to the future development of Korean Industrial Standards (KS) of acupuncture needles for single use. Results and Conclusion: Quality assurance and quality control with high safety profile is one of the most critical issues in medical device manufacturing. Up to now, proper attention has not been paid to this issue with respect to acupuncture needles for single use and their related devices. We, therefore, organized a committee to make guidelines to produce an acupuncture needle with high quality and safety. In the committee, we reviewed the topic from an historical viewpoint, and investigated the current situation of the standardization of acupuncture needles in other developed countries. Finally, we developed the cooperation group standards in advance of development of KS on the acupuncture needles for single use. The standards are composed of 12 sections describing: Scope, Normative references, Definitions, Materials, Configuration, Appearance and Cleanliness, Quality, Sterilization and Safety, Processing of Surface and Coating Material, Test, Packaging, and Labeling. We hope that the standards would be useful guidelines to produce high quality acupuncture needles and play an important role in the development of KS in the future.

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Process Capability Optimization of Ball Bonding Using Response Surface Analysis in Light Emitting Diode(LED) Wire Bonding (반응 표면 분석법을 이용한 Light Emitting Diode(LED) wire bonding 용 Ball Bonding 공정 최적화에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Byung-Chan;Ha, Seok-Jae;Yang, Ji-Kyung;Lee, In-Cheol;Kang, Dong-Seong;Han, Bong-Seok;Han, Yu-Jin
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.175-182
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    • 2017
  • In light emitting diode (LED) chip packaging, wire bonding is an important process that connects the LED chip on the lead frame pad with the Au wire and enables electrical operation for the next process. The wire bonding process is divided by two types: thermo compression bonding and ultrasonic bonding. Generally, the wire bonding process consists of three steps: 1st ball bonding that bonds the shape of the ball on the LED chip electrode, looping process that hangs the wire toward another connecting part with a loop shape, and 2nd stitch bonding that forms and bonds to another electrode. This study analyzed the factors affecting the LED die bonding processes to optimize the process capability that bonds a small Zener diode chip on the PLCC (plastic-leaded chip-carrier) LED package frame, and then applied response surface analysis. The design of experiment (DOE) was established considering the five factors, three levels, and four responses by analyzing the factors. As a result, the optimal conditions that meet all the response targets can be derived.

Changes of Quality Characteristics of Spicy Fermented Pork with Atmosphere Packaging during Storage (함기포장한 양념 발효 돈육의 저장중 품질변화)

  • Jin, S.K.;Kim, I.S.;Hah, K.H.;Lyou, H.J.;Park, K.H.;Lee, J.I.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.47 no.5
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    • pp.813-824
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    • 2005
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the spicy fermented pork with traditional seasonings. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham, were cut to cube($7{\time}10{\time}2$cm3) and five traditional seasonings such as soy sauce(T1), Kimchi sauce(T2), pickled shrimps sauce(T3), onion sauce (T4) were seasoned by the proportions of meat to seasonings(1:1), respectively. The seasoned samples were fermented at $1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the spicy fermented meat was atmosphere packaged and stored at $1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for up to 28 days. The pH level of fermented pork has been decreased at the end of the storage compared to the early storage days. The pH level of T3 was higher than that of other treatments during the whole storage days. The salinity and saccharinity of treatments were increased during the storage periods in T1, T3 and T4. TBARS in all treatments was significantly high at the later days of the storage compared to the early days of the storage. VBN was increased until the 21 days of storage and decreased rapidly since then. There were no significant differences in WHC among the all treatments. The shear force was increased with storage in all treatments group. The L* values of surface meat showed a tendency of increasing value along the storage days and the a*, b* values showed a tendency of decreasing value. The number of total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were tended to increase during storage, while E. coli was decreased as storage period extended. In the results of sensory evaluation, T1 had the highest score in overall acceptability.

A study on the improvement of distribution system by overseas agricultural investment (해외농업투자에 따른 유통체계 개선방안에 관한 연구)

  • Sun, Il-Suck;Lee, Dong-Ok
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.17-26
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    • 2010
  • Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.

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