• 의료법학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.53-75
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• 2008

The end of life problem in the United States has been evolved from the development of concept of brain death over last 50 yr. The invention of ventilator and the development of emergency medicine also played a key role to elongate the end stage of life and which caused the American people to ask a question about the patients self determination and refusing the unwarranted medical treatment in the view of the death with dignity. With regard to the patient unable to self determination, surrogate decision was also considered. To guarantee the self determination, The patient self determination act also enacted on the level of Federal regulation in 1990s. But no law has effectively dealt with the situation when medical treatment became futile. Along with the significant debates on literature and court cases. The American Medical Association's Council on Medical and Judical Affairs presented formal opinion and the Texas was the first states to regulate the medical futile situation in 1999. Even though that definition was in controversy, the concept of medical futility mainly focused on the doctors' right to refuse the treatment.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.208-219
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• 2012

As the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) has kept increasing, the management of ELV has also become one of the academic research focuses and European Union recently adopted the directive on ELVs. For the stakeholders has become a principle agent of dealing with all about ELVs, it is relevant investment decision to set up and to decide high-cost ELVs entity locations and to forecast future ELVs' amount in advance. In this paper, transition probability matrixes between months are made by using Markov Chain and the number of ELVs is predicted with them. This study will perform a great role as a fundamental material in Korea where just started having interests about recycling resources and studies related to the topic. Moreover, the forecasting method developed for this research can be adopted for other enhancements in different but comparable situations.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.459-471
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• 2009

Introduction: Critical thinking involves identifying problem(s), assessing resources, and generating possible solutions and allows clinical nurses to decide which solution is the most reasonable under the given circumstances, taking into consideration the "hat ifs" and how they will affect the end result. This research was conducted to further understanding and identification of subjective factors in critical thinking in clinical nurses. Methods: The research design was a Q-Methodological Approach. Q-population was formulated from a non-structured questionnaire and interviews from 17 experienced clinical nurses. Thirty selected Q-statements were sorted by 30 experienced clinical nurses. Results: Four factors for critical thinking were identified: (1) Deductive reasoning based on causal relation, (2) Construction of an effective model based on patients' responses, (3) Formulating categories based on priorities for effective interventions, and (4) Judging validity of the situational significance on clinical performances. Conclusion: Critical thinking is an attitude and reasoning process. From this study, the frame of reference for clinical nurses in formulating critical thinking within the context of clinical settings is identified and indicates the way nurses utilize thinking skills when they care for patients and areas that need further exploration as nurses and faculty develop education systems to advance clinical performance competency.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated intentions and attitudes towards future parenthood and awareness of fertility among university students in South Korea. Methods: The participants comprised 166 female and male undergraduate students enrolled at five universities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to July 2019 using the Korean version of the Fertility Awareness Questionnaire and Attitudes of Parenthood. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics based on participants' general characteristics, the χ² test to identify differences in intentions, and the t-test to evaluate attitudes towards parenthood and awareness of fertility in female and male students. Results: Both female and male students desired to have two children, but they lacked awareness about fertility. The possibility of combining work and having children, along with the availability of childcare resources, impacted the desire for parenthood. Male students tended to consider parenthood as less impactful on their lives and careers than female students. Social structures might also impact the decision to have children. Conclusion: It is important to provide health education emphasizing fertility awareness and parenthood in young adulthood so participants can consider these facts in advance. In addition, the government should provide resources for couples making parenthood decisions.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.261-282
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• 2012

The European Union (EU) has introduced the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as one of the key policies to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and in July 2008, they decided to include aviation in the scheme. As soon as the decision was announced the EU ETS was met by sharp opposition from world governments and international aviation. A group of US airlines, in particular, dropped a lawsuit against the British government over aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS. On 21 December, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS which covers all flights arriving into and departing from the EU is legal and does not contravene international law. The scheme eventually came into effect on 1 January 2012. However, most countries are in opposition to the EU ETS and have agreed on counter-measures to undermine the EU's plan which may bring chaos to the aviation industry if such measures were to put into practice. This study therefore will analyze the likely effects that may be brought to the Korean aviation industry as a result of the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS. Further, it hopes to contribute to the Korean aviation industry by studying other countries' counter-measures in advance.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.333-343
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• 2009

Tactical Information Communication Network(TICN) is a concept-type integrated Military Communication system that enables precise command control and decision making by unifying the diversified military communication network and conveying diverse range of battle field information on real-time, at right place at right time. TICN is designed to advance into high speed, large capacity, long distance wireless relay transmission. To support mobility in battlefield environments, the application of Ad-hoc networking technology to its wireless communication has been examined. Ad-hoc network is consist of mobile nodes and nodes in the network depends on the cooperation of other nodes for forwarding of packets. In this context, some non-cooperating nodes may delay forwarding of packets or drop the packets. This may hamper the network as a whole and disrupt communication between the cooperating nodes. To solve this problem, we present a solution with a Node Weight Management Server(NWMS), which manages each node's weight according to its behavior in local area. When the NWMS detects misbehaving node, it increases the node's weight. If the node's weight exceeds a predefined threshold then the NWMS broadcasts the node's information into network to isolate the misbehaving node from the network. These mechanisms show that they are highly effective and can reliably detect a multitude of misbehaving node.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제77권
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• pp.43-67
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• 2018

Arbitration is one of alternative dispute resolution systems which settle a dispute by arbitrators(private persons) based on a contract between contracting parties without a judicial litigation system involved. As a valid arbitration agreement is an essential requirement for commencement of arbitration, the first thing to be determined is whether there is a valid arbitration agreement or not when a dispute is submitted. A consumer arbitration agreement usually exists as an arbitration clause in an adhesive contract between consumers and a seller. When consumers buy a product from a seller, they are requested to agree on a general terms and conditions which are unilaterally drafted by a seller in advance. These terms and conditions are not negotiable because it is an adhesive contract and consumers are placed in "take-it-or-leave-it" position. Therefore, even though there is an arbitration agreement between consumers and a seller, it has to be carefully considered whether it has a legal effect or not. In this respect, a court will examine if an arbitration agreement has procedural unconscionability and substantive unconscionability. Therefore, as U.S is a well-advanced and arbitration-friendly country, this paper analyzes four U.S cases to find out (i) what a court considers, (ii) how a court examines and interprets procedural and substantive unconscionability and (iii) if there has been a change in regard to a court's decision. By doing so, it will provide some suggestions and guidelines for a consumer arbitration in Korea.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2006년도 전기학술대회논문집
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• pp.189-192
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• 2006

고유가 시대에 정보시스템의 발달과 더불어 안전하고 경제적인 항해계획의 수립을 지원하는 시스템에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 이에 저자들이 개발한 최적항로평가시스템에 대하여 그 개발 내용 및 적용 사례를 소개한다. 기상예보데이터를 이용하여 소요시간 및 연료소모량 관점에서 최적화된 항해 계획을 생성하며, Parametric roll 을 포함한 각종 내항성능 지표를 정량적으로 평가하여, 항해자로 하여금 항해의 안전성 및 경제성 관점에서 최적화된 항해 계획을 수립하도록 지원하는 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 시스템의 유효성은 실 항해중 적용한 사례 및 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해서 검증하였다.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2020

인공지능의 발전과 함께 RPA(Robotic Process Automation)의 광범위한 적용은 필연적인 것이 되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 RPA를 기반으로 하여 교차되는 원가정보의 자동수집, 적시성 및 유연성을 지닌 원가관리의 최적화 방안을 모색하고자 함에 있다. RPA기반의 원가관리시스템은 원가정보 인식의 교차시스템, 클라우드 플랫폼 등을 통하여 원가관리프로세스의 최적화와 개선을 이룩할 수 있을 것이다. RPA 관련기술의 효익, RPA기술과 회계기능에 대한 선행연구를 조사하고, 현행의 원가관리 문제점을 파악하여 경영의사결정을 지원하는 관리회계 실행을 위한 원가관리의 최적화를 구현하는 RPA적용방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

무선 센서 네트워크(Wireless Sensor Network)는 차세대 IT 기술로서 소형, 저가, 저전력을 필요로 하며, 외부환경의 모니터링과 제어기능을 수행할 수 있다. 이것은 소형 장치 안에 마이크로프로세서, 각종 센서, 액추에이터, 유 무선 통신 장치를 내장하는 수백 혹은 수천 개의 센서 노드로 구성된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 센서 네트워크를 이용하여 기상의 악천 후 속에서 차량 및 도로 상황 정보를 실시간으로 미리 획득하고 분석하여 운전자에게 미리 도로의 안전속도를 통보할 수 있는 실시간 차량 안전속도 서비스 시스템을 설계하고 구현된 결과를 보여 주고자 한다. 본 시스템은 노면의 종류 및 기상 상태 등에 대한 정보를 수집하여 이를 바탕으로 운전자에게 안전 속도를 알려줌으로써 교통사고를 효과적으로 예방할 수 있는 방법을 제공할 수 있다.