• 제목/요약/키워드: added sugar intakes

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한국인의 총당류 섭취실태와 급원식품에 대한 연구 -2001년과 2002년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여- (Dietary Intakes and Food Sources of Total Sugars from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002)

  • 정진은
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제40권sup권
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    • pp.9-21
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    • 2007
  • This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

한국인 총당류 섭취기준 설정 (Establishment of Total Sugar Reference Value for Koreans)

  • 조성희;정진은;김선희;정혜경
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제40권sup권
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    • pp.3-8
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    • 2007
  • Sugars are a ubiquitous component of our food supply and are consumed as a naturally occurring component of many foods and as additions to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table. Most fruits and dairy products are high in sugars and thus naturally occurring sugars are consumed as part of a healthy diet. Some countries developed recommended daily intake figures(daily values : DVs or guideline daily amounts: GDA) for nutrients, and some countries, but not most have developed DV/GDA for total sugars. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans established by the Korean Nutrition Society in 2005, did not include the reference values for total sugar or added sugar. The committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar was constituted in 2006 and discussed whether to special added sugars or total sugar. Although added sugars are not chemically or physiologically different from naturally occurring sugars, many foods and beverages that are major sources of added sugars have lower micronutrient densities compared with foods and beverages that are major sources of naturally occuring sugars. But it was so hard to calculate a dietary intake of added sugar for Korean people, because there was insufficient information about contents of added sugar during processing or preparation of Korean food. Currently Korean or US food labels contain information on total sugars per serving but do not distinguish between sugars naturally present in food and added sugars. Therefore the committee decided to set the reference value for total sugar for Koreans. According to the recommended diet pattern for Koreans suggested by the Korean Nutrition Society, estimated sugar intake from the sugar containing food based on 2,000 kilocalories is 67 g or 13% of total energy. Based on the data available on risk of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome from the analysis of Korean NHANES, it was insufficient evidence to set a UL for total sugar, but tended to increase serum LDL cholesterol and obesity at over 20-25% of energy from total sugar when consumed with high carbohydrates. Therefore the committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar set the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total sugar as 10-20% of total energy intake.

한국 성인의 총당류 섭취와 대사증후군과의 관계 -2001년과 2002년도 국민건강영양조사자료를 이용하여- (Association of Total Sugar Intakes and Metabolic Syndrome from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002)

  • 정진은
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제40권sup권
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    • pp.29-38
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the percent of energy from total sugar and disease prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 and 2002 dataset were used as the source of data for this research. Usual nutritional intakes for over 20 years old people were calculated from the two non-consecutive dietary intake data from KNHANES 2001 and 2002 dataset. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple logistic regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Subjects were categorized as 3 ways and compared the LS means and ORs for heath factors. First, subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to percent of energy from the usual total sugar intakes as ${\leq}10%$, 11-15%, 16-20%, 21-25%, >25%. Risk of LDL cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the '>25%' group compared to the '<10%' group. The risks of the other health effects did not show any significant differences. Second, the subjects were categorized considering both Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range(AMDR) from carbohydrate and %Energy from total sugar as 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$', 'CHO 55-70% & Total sugar 11-25%', and '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}25%$'. The risk of obesity tended to increase in the '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}25%$' group compared to the 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$'. Third, the subjects were categorized as 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$', 'CHO 55-70% & Total sugar 11-20%', and '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$'. The risk of obesity also tended to increase in the '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$' group compared to the 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$' group. In conclusion, risk of LDL cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the over 25% total sugar intake group, and the risk of obesity tended to increase in the 20-25% total sugar intake and high carbohydrate intake group. The risks of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome were not associated with total sugar intakes. More research to elucidate the association for Korean between the intakes of total sugar, added sugar, glucose, fructose, and sweeteners and diseases prevalences shoud be excuted in the future.

Association of added sugar intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: a systematic review of cohort studies

  • Song, SuJin;Shim, Jae Eun;Song, YoonJu
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제16권sup1호
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    • pp.21-36
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    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The long-term health impacts of dietary sugar have begun to be reported. The committee on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans for sugar intended to update the scientific evidence on the association of added sugar intake with health outcomes, including mortality. This study evaluated the evidence on the association of dietary sugar with the all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality from cohort studies. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched until July 2021. The search terms were based on multiple combinations of keywords, such as added sugar, beverage, and mortality, included in the title or abstract. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility criteria of study selection and extracted the information from each selected article for this systematic review. RESULTS: The literature search identified 276 articles. Seventeen cohort studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. This study extracted information on the cohort and participants, dietary assessment methods, exposure and its comparison groups, health outcomes, and risk measures. Five articles reported added sugar intake, and 15 articles reported the food sources of the added sugar in the association with mortality. Increased mortality was observed in higher added sugar intake and a lower intake of less than 5% of energy, while higher discrepancies between gender, age groups, and countries were noted. In addition, nutritious sugary foods and beverages did not increase mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A 'U' or 'J' shaped relationship between the added sugar intake and mortality was estimated. The observed discrepancy indicated the need for more evidence to establish the dose-response relationship for Koreans.

한국인의 당류 섭취현황과 만성질환에 미치는 영향 (intake of dietary sugar and its influence on chronic disease in the korean population)

  • 하경호;정효지;송윤주
    • 식품과학과 산업
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    • 제49권3호
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    • pp.2-11
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    • 2016
  • As recently many studies on the relationship between excessive sugar intake and chronic disease have been reported across the world, more attention to sugar intake has been paid. Sugars, called simple sugars, is a kind of carbohydrate and sum of monosaccharides and disaccharides. Sugars that are particularly related to health are added sugars or free sugars, which are added to food by processing or cooking. It is generally not to give satiety and increases energy density without other nutrients. Especially, the major food source of added sugar is sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs), from which sugars are closely linked with health outcome. The total sugar intake in Korea is 61.4 g per day and it is almost half of those in the western countries such as the U.S. or Australia and it is within the recommendation level by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. However, when it is classified by age groups or food sources, sugar intake in adolescents and young adults are high and the sugar from processed foods is also high that would lead to high intake levels of added sugar. Particularly, the frequency of SSBs, the major food source of added sugar, is the highest among 20's. While the studies of excessive sugar intake with chronic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease reported in the Western populations, those in the Korean populations have just started. Given our dietary practice is very different from those in the western population, more prospective studies would be necessary to evaluate sugar intake by type or food source exactly and examine its relationship with chronic diseases in the Korean population.

Dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in Korea: a pooled study of 2,599 children and adolescents aged 9-14 years

  • Ha, Kyungho;Chung, Sangwon;Joung, Hyojee;Song, YoonJu
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제10권5호
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    • pp.537-545
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    • 2016
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary sugar intake, particularly added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, has received worldwide attention recently. Investigation of dietary behaviors may facilitate understanding of dietary sugar intakes of children and adolescents. However, the relationship between dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in the Korean population has not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to estimate dietary sugar intake and food sources according to sex as well as examine the relationship of dietary sugar intake with frequent snacking and dietary patterns among Korean children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We pooled data from five studies involving Korean children and adolescents conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 2,599 subjects aged 9-14 years were included in this study. Each subject completed more than 3 days of dietary records. RESULTS: Mean daily total sugar intake was 46.6 g for boys and 54.3 g for girls. Compared with boys, girls showed higher sugar intakes from fruits (7.5 g for boys and 8.8 g for girls; P = 0.0081) and processed foods (27.9 g for boys and 34.9 g for girls; P < 0.0001). On average, 95.4% of boys and 98.8% of girls consumed snacks during the study period, and total sugar intake showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing energy intake from snacks (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). Two dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: Traditional and Westernized patterns. Total sugar intake was higher in the Westernized pattern (56.2 g for boys and 57.2 g for girls) than in the Traditional pattern (46.5 g for boys and 46.3 g for girls). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that multilateral and practical development of a nutrition education and intervention program that considers dietary behaviors as well as absolute sugar intake is required to prevent excessive sugar intake in Korean children and adolescents.

청소년의 간식을 통한 첨가당섭취량 및 고당류식품 관련 이벤트 데이 참여행동에 대한 조사 (A Survey on Added Sugar Intakes from Snacks and Participation Behaviors of Special Event Days Sharing Sweet Foods among Adolescents in Korea)

  • 김현주;김선효
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제42권2호
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    • pp.135-145
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 간식 중의 첨가당 함량에 관한 자체 DB를 제작해 청소년의 간식을 통한 1일 첨가당섭취량을 파악하고, 고당류식품 섭취와 밀접한 관계가 있는 고당류식품 관련 이벤트 데이에 대한 청소년의 참여행동을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 설문조사, 식사조사, 간식조사가 실시되었는데, 설문 조사대상자는 전국의 읍 면, 중소도시, 대도시에 소재한 일반계 및 실업계 중 고등학교에 재학 중인 $12{\sim}18$세의 남녀 학생 959명, 식사조사 대상자는 공주시에 소재한 중학교에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 71명, 간식조사 대상자은 공주시와 서울시에 소재한 중 고등학교에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 230명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 설문조사, 간식조사, 식사조사 간에 대상자는 서로 중복되도록 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다.1) 조사대상자는 평소 간식으로 빵/패스트푸드를 가장 즐겨 먹으며, 그 다음이 과자류, 우유 및 발효유의 순이었다. 중학생은 고등학생에 비해 우유 및 발효유를 선호하며, 고등학생은 중학생보다 빵/패스트푸드를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 간식 섭취 빈도는 중학생과 고등학생 모두 일주일에 $3{\sim}6$번이 가장 많으며, 그 다음이 하루에 1번인 것으로 나타났다. 중학생은 고등학생보다 간식 섭취 빈도가 낮은 경향이었다 (p < 0.05). 간식 섭취 시간은 중학생은 고등학생보다 점심${\sim}$저녁식사 사이에 섭취하는 경우가 많으며, 고등학생은 중학생보다 오전시간 및 밤 9시${\sim}$잠자기 전에 섭취하는 경우가 많았다 (p < 0.001). 2) 조사대상자의 1일 평균 에너지섭취량 및 대부분의 비타민과 무기질섭취량은 이들의 성별과 연령에 대한 KDRI를 충족시키는 수준이어서 양호하였다. 그러나 엽산과 칼슘의 1일 평균 섭취량은 남중생과 여중생 모두 KDRI의 1/2 수준이어서 불량하였다. 1일 평균 나트륨섭취량은 남중생의 경우 KDRI의 300%, 여중생은 240%으로 과다 섭취하였다. 3) 이벤트 데이가 주는 장점에 대해‘우리들만의 행사를 즐기는 것'이라는 응답이 가장 많고, 그 다음이‘친구와 어울릴 수 있는 것'으로 나타났으며, 이에 관한 응답은 중 고생간에 차이가 있었다 (p < 0.01). 이벤트 데이에 선물을 주는 대상자로‘학교 친구'가 가장 많으며, 그 다음이‘이성 친구',‘부모' 등의 순이었다. 중학생은 고등학생에 비해‘학교 친구'에게 선물을 주는 비율이 높으며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해‘이성 친구'에게 선물을 주는 비율이 높았다 (p < 0.001). 이벤트 데이를 위해 고당류식품을 구입할 때 식품표시와 식품포장상태를 확인을 하지 않는 비율 (61.6%)이 높으며, 이 점에 관해 중 고생간에 차이가 없었다. 또한 이벤트 데이를 준비하기 위해 조사대상자가 고당류식품을 구입할 때 선택 기준을‘예쁜 모양'에 두는 비율이 높으며, 그 다음이‘맛',‘가격'의 순이었다. 이점에서 중학생은 고등학생에 비해‘가격'을 중시하며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해‘예쁜 모양'을 중시하였다 (p < 0.01). 4) 이벤트 데이에 주고받는 선물로는 사탕, 초콜렛, 빼빼로, 엿 등이 있으며, 친구 생일 (68.4%)과 빼빼로데이 (61.5%)에 참여한 비율이 높았다. 중학생은 고등학생보다 빼빼로데이, 발렌타인데이, 화이트데이에 더 참여하였으며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해 수능이나 학교 정기시험과 같은 큰 시험일에 더 참여하였다. 5) 간식 종류별 1일 첨가당 섭취 비율을 보면 중 고생 모두 /과자, 비스킷, 빵류, 케이크/으로 부터 첨가당을 많이 섭취하며, 그 다음이 음료수, /양갱, 쵸코렛, 캔디/에 의한 것으로 나타났다. 간식을 통한 1일 평균 총첨가당섭취량은 중학생 $30.5{\pm}23.5g/d$ ($3.0{\sim}137.9\;g/d$), 고등학생 $31.7{\pm}23.2g/d$ ($1.2g{\sim}126.1g/d$)으로 나타나 두군간에 차이가 없었다. 그리고 간식 종류별 1일 첨가당섭취량은 대부분의 간식에서 중 고생간에 차이가 없으나, 요구르트에 의한 것은 중학생이 고등학생보다 높았다 (p < 0.05). 간식에 의한 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율은 중학생 $0.6{\sim}26.1%$ (평균 $6.3{\pm}4.7%$), 고등학생 $0.3{\sim}23.9%$ (평균 $6.3{\pm}4.4%$)로 나타났다. WHO/FAO에서 정한 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율인 10%를 초과한 대상자는 중학생 17.8%, 고등학생 20.9%로 나타나, 고등학생이 중학생보다 간식을 통한 총첨가당 섭취량이 높은 경향이었다. 이상에서 우리나라 청소년들 사이에 고당류식품을 주고 받는 각종 이벤트 문화가 이미 자리 잡았고 간식으로 맛이 달은 식품이 자주 섭취되고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 식품 구입시 영양소 함량 등의 내용면보다는 모양이나 포장과 같은 외형이 중시되고 있는 경향 등에 의해, 우리나라 청소년들이 당류를 과다 섭취할 수 있는 식생활 환경에 노출되어 있음을 볼 수 있었다. 실제로 본 연구에서 일부 청소년의 경우 간식만으로도 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율이 WHO/FAO의 상한선인 10% 이상을 초과하고 있어 청소년의 고당류섭취 현상을 확인해주었다. 따라서 청소년의 고당류 섭취 문제에 대한 현실적인 인식과 함께 당류 섭취 저감화를 위한 영양정책 수립 및 영양교육 실시 등의 실효성 있는 지원이 시급히 이루어져야 하겠다.

2007~2015 국민건강영양조사를 이용한 고등학생의 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양 섭취 실태 (Food Group and Dietary Nutrient Intakes by Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Level in Korean High School Students Using the Data from 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)

  • 김선효
    • 한국가정과교육학회지
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.95-113
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 고등학생(만 15~18세, 2,377명)의 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취 실태를 파악하고자 실시하였다. 연도별 음료 섭취량의 변화 추이, 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사의 대상자를 통합하여 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 섭취 적정도 및 영양불량의 차이를 다중회귀분석이나 𝛘2-test로 검증하였다. 가공 과정에 당류를 넣는 탄산음료(콜라, 사이다, 기타 탄산음료 포함), 스포츠음료, 카페인음료(커피, 에너지 음료, 홍차, 코코아류)를 합하여 가당음료(sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB)로 분류하였다. 24시간 회상법으로 1일간 실시한 1일 가당음료 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 가당음료 1군(SSB 1, 가당음료 섭취량 0 g/d), 가당음료 2군(SSB 2, 0 g/d < 가당음료 섭취량 < 50 백분위수), 가당음료 3군(SSB 3, 가당음료 섭취량 ≥ 50 백분위수)으로 구분하였다. 연구 결과, 연도에 따라 1일 가당음료 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0280) 모두 증가하는 추세이었으며, 2007년에 비해 2015년의 증가 정도는 남자 3.3배, 여자 2.1배로 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 음료 종류별로는 탄산음료 섭취량이 가장 많았으며 2007년에 비해 2015년에 남자 2.7배(p<0.0001), 여자 1.6배로 크게 증가하였다. 식품군별 1일 섭취량에서 채소류 섭취량은 남자와 여자 모두 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군 중 가당음료 3군이 유의적으로 가장 적었으며(p<0.0001), 우유 및 그제품 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001)에서는 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 유의적으로 감소하였으나 여자에서는 가당음료 3군이 다른 군에 비해 적은 경향이었다. 1일 영양소 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 남녀의 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 식이섬유가 전체 영양소 중 가장 낮아 21.3±1.1~25.3±1.8% 밖에 되지 않았으며, 칼슘이 49.6±2.5~59.8±3.2%로 두번째로 낮았다. 에너지는 남녀 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p<0.0001), 비타민 C는 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0382) 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 낮아졌다. 칼슘은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0008) 모두 가당음료 3군이 다른 군보다 낮았다. 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p=0.0002), 나트륨 목표섭취량 이상 섭취자 비율은 남자에서 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였다(p=0.0429). 칼슘부족섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었으나 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 85% 이상으로 나타나 매우 높았다. 따라서 고등학생에서 가당음료 섭취가 높아질수록 식품군의 고른 섭취와 영양균형이 결여되는 경향이어서 식품 섭취 다양성 및 영양균형을 위해 가당음료 섭취를 줄이도록 관련 식생활교육과 사회적 지원을 강화하는 것이 필요하다고 하겠다.

제주지역 중학생의 총당류 섭취실태 연구 (A study of total sugar intake by middle school students in Jeju Province)

  • 고양숙;김은미;채인숙;이현숙
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제48권3호
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    • pp.248-257
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 제주지역 중학생 1,184명 (남학생 476명, 여학생 708명)에게 24시간 회상법으로 식사조사를 하여 총당류 섭취량을 추정하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 1일 총당류 섭취량은 전체 60.3 g, 남학생 50.5 g, 여학생 66.9 g으로서 여학생이 남학생보다 유의하게 높았다. 1일 총당류 섭취량 중 각 개별 당류가 차지하는 비중은 서당 (23.9 g) > 포도당 (12.9 g) > 과당 (12.3 g) > 유당 (6.0 g) > 맥아당 (3.3 g)의 순이었다. 2. 끼니별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 아침 6.5g, 점심 9.0g, 저녁 11.8 g, 간식 33.0 g으로 간식에서 섭취하는 양이 가장 많았다. 식품군별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 곡류 (23.0 g) > 우유류 (11.0 g) > 과일류 (7.3 g) > 당류 (6.1 g) > 채소류 (5.8 g)의 순으로 높았다. 음식종류별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 빵 과자류 (11.5 g) >면류 (10.2 g) > 유제품류 (7.5 g) > 빙과류 (6.2 g) > 음료류 (5.3 g) > 과일류 (4.5 g) > 튀김류 (3.2 g)의 순이었다. 3. 조사대상자의 1일 총당류 섭취량 60.3 g 중 천연당은 18.3 g (30.3%), 첨가당은 35.8 g (59.4%), 혼합당은 6.2 g (10.3%) 이었다. 총당류에서 얻는 열량비율이 20% 이상인 고당류섭취군은 20% 미만인 사람에 비해 탄수화물, 칼슘, 비타민 B1, B2, C의 섭취량은 유의하게 높은 반면 철, 아연, 니아신, 비타민 B6, 비타민 E 섭취량은 유의하게 낮았다. 단맛선호군은 단맛저선호군에 비해 열량, 탄수화물 및 총 당류섭취량이 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 제주지역 중학교 2학년 학생들의 1일 평균 총당류 섭취량은 60.3 g이었고, 이중 첨가당으로 인한 섭취가 59.4%로 가장 많았으며, 간식으로부터 섭취되는 비율이 가장 높았다. 따라서 중학생의 총당류 섭취량을 감소시키기 위해서는 올바른 간식 식품선택에 대한 영양교육이 필요하다.

Changes in Dietary Guidance: Implications for Food Composition Tables

  • Murphy, Suzanne P.
    • Nutritional Sciences
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.88-91
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    • 2004
  • New Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) forthe United States and Canada have recently been set for both macronutrients and micronutrients, and are likely to be of interest to health professionals in Korea as well. DRIs are now available for nutrients that did not have Recommended Dietary Allowances set in the past (amino acids, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, total fiber, added sugar, choline, boron, nickel, and vanadium). Furthermore, the units for the DRIs do not always match those traditionally carried on food composition tables (FCTs). FCT developers will also need to consider carrying new variables to allow the calculation of folate intake in $\mu$g of dietary folate equivalents, vitamin E intake as mg of a-tocopherol (not as mg of a-tocopherol equivalents), and vitamin A intake as $\mu$g of retinol activity equivalents (not as $\mu$g of retinol equivalents). Because the new recommendations for upper levels of intake sometimes refer to a specific form or source of a nutrient, nutrients occurring in foods must be separated from added or supplemental forms for vitamin E, niacin, and folate; pharmacological magnesium must be carried as a separate variable; and preformed vitamin A must be separated from vitamin A from carotenoids. For more information on the DRIs, see: www.nap.edu.