• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to find out whether there are some differences in plasma carnitine levels among young-, middle-, and old-aged normal Korean women. Daily food intake, body fat content, plasma lipids and carnitine levels were measured in 153 samples from 44 young (20-24 years old), 49 middle-aged (30-49 years old), and 63 old (65-85 years old) normal volunteers. The differences in concentrations of nonesterified acylcarnitine and acid-soluble acylcarnitine were not statistically significant among them. However, acid insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC) level in plasma decreased with age. Moreover, total carnitine (TCNE) level in the young group was significantally higher than in old and middle-aged groups. Body fat content in the young group was significantly lower than in old and middle-aged groups. Plasma total cholesterol increased with age and triglycerides in the old group were significantly higher than in young and middle-aged groups. These results suggest that the higher levels of AIAC and TCNE in the young group may be a reflection of their lipid metabolic state, which is different from middle-aged and old groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1998

This study investigated the effect of regular exercise on serum lipid profiles and carnitine levels in college students. Daily nutrient intake, anthropometry , serum lipid, and carnitine profiles in serum and urine were evaluated prior to beginning the study and after 35 days of treadmill running for 30 minutes per day. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1) Concentrations of total lipid and Triglyceride in serum were decreased by regular exercise in female subjects but unaffected in males. 2) Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased, but total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were not affected in both male and female subjects. 3) nonesterified carnitinem, acid-insoluble acylcarnitine, and total carnitine levels in serum were not affected, but acid-soluble acylcarnitine level was increased by regular exercise in both subjects. 4) Urinary excretionof the acid-soluble acylcarnitine level was increased by regular exercise -training. These results suggest that regular exercise -training has different effects on serum lipid oxidation via carnitine metabolism in this condition.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제22권3호spc1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1992

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1993

Trimethyllysine(TML) is in vivo released when the methylated proteins are subjected to metabolic breakdown and may serve as a precursor for the biosynthesis of carnitine. It was also demonstrated that high concentration of free TML was observed in red blood cell. Therefore, in order to study the functions of TML in RBC we determined the concentration of TML and carnitine in RBC of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats and the following results were observed. 1)In hyperthyroid rats, the concentrations of TML, free carnitine and acylcarnitine in RBC were increased. 2) In hypothyroid rats, the concentrations of TML and acylcarnitine were increased but free carnitine was sharply decreased. 3) In diabetic rats, TML and free carnitine both were inclined to decrease, but not significant statistically. 4) In fasting rats, TML was not changed but free carnitine was sharply decreased. These results suggest that TML in RBC is not directly related to biosynthesis of carnitine.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (VLCADD) leads to a defective 𝛽-oxidation, specifically during prolonged fasting, infection, or exercise. Patients with VLCADD usually suffer from cardiomyopathy, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatic dysfunction, exercise intolerance, muscle pain, and rhabdomyolysis, and sometimes succumb to sudden death. VLCADD is generally classified into three phenotypes: severe early-onset cardiac and multiorgan failure, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, and later-onset episodic myopathy. Diagnostic evaluation comprises acylcarnitine analysis, genetic analysis, and VLCAD activity assay. In the acylcarnitine analysis, the key metabolites are C14:1, C14:2, C14, and C12:1. A C14:1 level >1 mmol/L strongly suggests VLCADD. Various treatment recommendations are available for this condition. Dietary management includes decreasing fat content, increasing medium-chain triglyceride levels, and decreasing fasting periods. Supplementation with L-carnitine is controversial. Triheptanoin (a seven-carbon fatty acid triglyceride) treatment demonstrates improvement of cardiac functions. Bezafibrate may improve the quality of life of patients with VLCAD.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2005

The goal of this study was to investigate abnotmalities in camitine metabolism present by determining blood camitine and lipid concentrations in Korean diabetic patients. The study subjects included 108 Korean diabetic patients (64 males and 44 females) who were hospitalized in Chonbuk National University Hospital and 27 subjects were also hospitalized as non-diabetic controls (10 males and 17 females). Glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol in plasma were enzymatically assayed and insulin was measured by immunoradiometric assay. Nonesterified camitine (NEC), acid-soluble acylcarnitine (ASAC), and acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC) were determined by a modified radioisotopic method Glucose and insulin levels were significantly elevated in diabetic patients compared with controls. Total cholesterol was elevated in female but not male diabetic patients and triglycerides were elevated both in male and female diabetics. Plasma and urinary total carnitine (TCNE) were significantly elevated in diabetics as compared with normal controls. In male diabetics, NEC concentrations were significantly elevated above controls, but not in female subjects. Plasma NEC and TCNE concentrations were significantly increased in male diabetics, but significantly decreased in female diabetics. All urinary carnitine concentrations were significantly increased in diabetics as compared with controls. Urinary NEC concentrations were four times higher in male diabetics and three times higher in female diabetics than in controls. The ratios of serum and urinary acylcarnitine/NEC were also significantly higher in diabetics than in controls. This study suggested that there was a remarkable abnormality in lipid and carnitine metabolism in Korean diabetic patients, and the further study on carnitine metabolism and the effects of carnitine supplementation for Korean diabetic patients are needed.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2002

This study compared the effect of Korean vegetarian and omnivorous diets on plasma carnitine concentrations and urinary carnitine excretion. Twenty lactoovovegetarian and twenty omnivorous female college students consented to participate in this study. Daily nutritional intake and plasma and urinary nonesterified carnitine (NEC), acid-soluble acylcarnitine (ASAC), acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC), and total carnitine (TCNE) were determined. Daily protein, fat, retinol, vitamin B$_2$and vitamin B$\_$12/ intakes were significantly lower for vegetarians, however, fiber, carbohydrate, $\beta$-carotene, folic acid and vitamin C consumptions were much higher for vegetarians than omnivores. There were no differences in plasma NEC, ASAC, AIAC and TCNE concentrations between the two groups. Urinary carnitine excretion was lower in vegetarians, but only the differences in ASAC and TCNE excretions were statistically significant. These results suggest that the lower excretion of ASAC in vegetarians may be a reflection of their lipid metabolic state and that Korean vegetarian diets may accommodate lower carnitine intakes through efficient urinary conservation of carnitine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1067-1072
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• 1997

One known effect of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is their ability to decrease plasma triglycerides. However, identification of the specific n-3 fatty acids and the underlying mechanisms responsible for this change remains uncertain. This present study was designed to evaluate the effects of moderate levels of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (22 :6(n-3)) on modulating plasma triglyderides. Male CD-1 mice were maintained for 15 days on identical diets containing either docosahexahexaenoic acid ethyl ester(1.5%, w/w) or linoleic acid(18 : 2(n-6)) ethyl ester (1.5%, w/w) . Plasma triglycerides were 40% lower in the docosahexaenoic acid group than in the linoleic acid group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity (a key regulatory enzyme for mitocondria $\beta$-oxidation) was not significantly different between the dietary groups. However, plasma acid soluble acylcarnitine levels (which increase with increasing $\beta$-oxidation )were significantly higher in the decosahexaenoic acid group. This data suggests that plasma triglyceride levels are lower in mice fed diets containing moderate levels of docosahexaenoic acid compared to linoleic acid, but this effect on plasma triglycerides is not modulated through an augmentation of mitochondrial $\beta$-oxidation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2007

This study evaluated the effects of carnitine supplementation on obesity caused by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), or carnitine-supplemented (0.5% of diet) high-fat diet (HDC) for 12 weeks. The results showed that body weight, energy intake, and feed intake were lower in the HDC group than the control groups. Acid-soluble acylcarnitine (A SAC), acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC), and total carnitine (TCNE) in the serum and liver were significantly higher in the HDC group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I activity was significantly higher in the HDC group than the control groups. Acyl-coA synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA expression in the liver was highest in the HDC group, however hepatic acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA expression in this group was lowest. Serum leptin levels and abdominal fat weight were lowest in the HDC group. We concluded that L-carnitine supplementation diminished the risk of obesity caused by a high-fat diet.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.670-676
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• 1999

The effect of exercise and/or high fat diet on carnitine status and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPT I) level were investigated in Weanling Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were fed an AIN 76 diet or a modified high fat AIN diet, supplemented with 35% corn oil, for 31 days. During the 31 day period half of the animals in each dietary group were exercised on a treadmill for 90 minutes per day. Carnitine concentrations were determined in plasma and liver and CPT I mRNA levels were measured by Northern blot analysis with CPT I cDNA probe in livers of rats. Exercise rats gained less weight than non exercised rats during the study for high fat diet group. Exercise rats had a higher plasma acid soluble acylcarnitine and acid insoluble acylcarnitine concnetrations than non exercised rats for normal diet group. Exercise or high fat diet increased liver carnitine concentration, but a mixed effect was not shown. In exercised rats, CPT I mRNA levels increased significantly relative to those of nonexercised rats. CPT I mRNA levels also increased when compared high fat fed rats with those of normal diet fed rats. These data suggest that there is a correlation between carnitine concen trations and CPT I mRNA levels and that CPT I can be regulated at the transcriptional level by exercise and/or high fat diet.