• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2000

Objective : In western medicine, many medication therapies and non-medication therapies have been treated for dementia. But these methods did no more than symptomatic therapies, not basic treatment, which just can better subordinate symptoms. In fact, care or control became the very point of treatment of dementia. So, to try to find oriental medical treatments for Dementia, a clinical analysis was carried out for 84 patients who were diagnosed as Dementia through MMSE-K and treated in Dong-shin Oriental Medicine Kwangju Hospital and Karitaas Sanatorium from 10. Jan. 1998 to 20. May. 2000. Methods : Regardless of patterns of Dementia, the basic treatment(本治) is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). And the external treatment(標治) must be accompanied by through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證). All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami and acupuncture treatment. Results : Dementia of cerebral vascular type shows a high distribution(51 patients, 60.7%). Women also are distributed more widely(62명, 73.8%). In Age distribition, 70-79 years-32 patients(38.1%), over 80 years-21 patients(25%), 60-69 years-17 patients(20.2%), 50-59 years-13 patients(15.5%) and under 49 years-1 patient(1.2%). From this, Dementia occurs well over 60 years and the rate of occurrence of Dementia is high as people grow older. In past history of people with Dementia, hypertension is associated much(50 patients, 64.1%). Distribution of mental state by MMSE-K examination declined in orientaion, mathmatical faculty, memory faculty and composition faculty. In therapeutic effect by treatment duration, 14 patients(93.3%) out of 15 in sanatorium show a significant effect. And 52 patients(75.4%) out of 69 in the hospital show the same result. Especially, 11 patients with Alzheimer type in sanatorium showed an good effect when treated over 4 months. 40 patients(83.3%) with cerebral vascular type out of 48 in the hospital showed the stage of betterment. Conclusions : The basic treatment(本治) for Dementia is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). For promoting encephalon through supplementing kindney(補腎健腦), All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami. And the external treatment(標治) through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證) were be accompanied by. The result is quite effective. We consider there must be more research based on this study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.789-798
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• 2009

In Sasang constitutional medicine, I have researched the process of visceral structure in the Eight Constitutionals under circulation of the five elements and the formation of primary source of illness. From this research, I could draw following conclusions through combination of the auxiliary psycho-formulas by applying the constitutional acupuncture therapy on the five elements diagnostic calculation. Since the arrangement for the five dimensions of organs in the eight constitutions has been formulated by circulation of the five elements in Sasang constitutions, if the five elements begin circulating count-clockwise from the reference point at the organs in Sasang constitutional medicine, the positive constitutional arrangement of organs is built up such as, the positive constitution of metal, earth, wood and water, while begin circulating clockwise, the negative constitutional arrangement of organs is formulated, such as the negative constitutions of metal, earth, wood and water. The source of illness results from imbalance of the organic force being generated by transfer of the five elements from compatibility to incompatibility when the five elements circulate. Hence, it has been acknowledged that if the source of illness comes from the strongest organ, it is the time when circulation of the five elements progresses from the second organ (the second strongest) in incompatibility, and if the source of illness comes from the weakest organ, it is the time when circulation of the five elements progresses from the third organ (the middle) in incompatibility. It is considered proper to diagnose meridians of the pericardium and the Triple Burners rather than to diagnose meridians of the heart and the small intestine which forms the visceral arrangement of the eight constitutions. For instance, the auxiliary psycho-formula obtains its prescription by attenuating the first organ (the strongest) while augmenting the fourth organ (the second weakest) when the axis of incompatibility in the five elements circulation crosses the second and the third organs, and it gets its prescription by attenuating the second organ(the second strongest) while augmenting the fifth organ(the weakest) when the axis of incompatibility in the five elements circulation crosses the third and the fourth organs. In addition, when medicating, the $4{\sim}5$ times of repeated performance can be assumed to represent the amount of an energy that each organ bears depending on the phase in the arrangement of the eight constitutional organs.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.220-229
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• 2013

Objectives : Electroacupuncture(EA) has been used effectively in producing analgesia on ankle sprain pain of humans and animals. Currently to examine the underlying mechanisms of the EA-induced analgesia, the effects of EA on weight-bearing forces(WBR) were examined at ankle sprain classified as grade 3 in rats. Methods : The severe ankle sprain classified as grade 3 was induced surgically by ankle ligament injury in the Sprague-Dawley rats. WBR of the affected foot were examined to evaluate effects and mechanism of EA(2 Hz, 1 ms pulse width, 2 mA intensity, for 15 min) which was applied to either SI6, GB34, or GB39 acupoints. The rats were pretreated with naltrexone(10 mg/kg, i.p.) as an opioid receptor antagonist or phentolamine(5 mg/kg, i.p) as an ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptor antagonist at 30 min before EA. Results : The daily repeat EA at either SI6, GB34, or GB39 showed significant analgesic effects on the severe ankle sprain. Particularly, daily EA at GB34 showed more potent analgesic effect than the others. In addition, the naltrexone pretreatment completely blocked the analgesic effect of EA at GB34, indicating the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in mediating the effect of EA at GB34. However, the phentolamine pretreament blocked analgesic effects of EA at either SI6 or GB39, indicating the involvement of ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors in mediating the effect of EA at either SI6 or GB39. Conclusions : These data suggest that EA-induced analgesia on ankle sprain pain is mediated through either endogenous opioids or ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors dependant on acupoint specific pattern.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to establish literatural evidence about traditional Korean medical physiotherapy through literatural review. Methods : Applicable paragraphs which were related to the traditional Korean medical physiotherapy were phrased from in "Hwang-je-nae-gyung(黃帝內經)", "Yumun-sa-chin(儒門事親)", "Geum-guei-yo-ryack(金匱要略)", "Eui-hack-ip-mun(醫學入門)", "Gyung-ack-jeon-seo(景岳全書)", "Eui-hack-gang-mock(醫學綱目)", "Dong-eui-bo-gam(東醫寶鑑)" where were archiving of Oriental or Korean medicine literatures. Searched paragraphs were analysed for establishing historical and theoretical bases of Korean medical physiotherapy. Results : 1. Theromtherapy is originated from yu(熨), hot hand, warm, water bath, warm earth, fumigation, lamp, torchlight and brazier. Matching indications are various musculoskeletal pain and diseases, skin diseases such as chronic inflammation, frostbite, gynecological and urogenital diseases such as uterine myoma, lower abdominal pain, metrorrhagia, breast diseases, digestive tract diseases such as vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache and also it treats cardiovascular disease. Other matching indications are sunstroke, rhinorrhea, psycosis and anal pain. And it used helping acupuncture therapy. 2. Cryotherapy is originated from lengfu(冷敷), lengtie(冷貼), cold stone and cold water. Matching indications are various fever disease, skin diseases such as acute inflammation, wound, fever skin disease, otorhinolaryngological diseases such as acute sore throat, otitis, stomatitis, nasal bleeding and contusions, abrasions, burn and dysuria. In addition, it treats extremity coldness, chillness, stomachache caused to accumulate fever. 3. Physiotherapy by circulating meridian system is originated from manipulation such as pushing, massage and beating to therapy point. Matching indications are musculoskeletal diseases such as various muscular pain, heavy sensation, convulsion, urogenital diseases such as dysuria, lower abdomen pain, digestive tract diseases such as stomachache, and paralysis due to blocked meridian system. And other matching indications are psycosis, leprosy, hypoesthesia, acute stroke. In addition it helps other therapy methods. In addition, the power of manipulation classify to strengthen and reduce. 4. Physiotherapy by balancing meridian system is originated from sunshine, magnet, horn, bamboo and tube. Sunshine helps improving self's care and cure inflammatory skin disease. Magnet's matching indications are paralysis, various injuries, abscess, fever and eye disease. Cupping therapy treats to skin diseases and internal diseases such as tuberculosis. Conclusions : Traditional Korean medical physiotherapy was widely used in traditional Korean medicine since ancient time based on the traditional Korean medical principle and anatomical knowledge. With modern physiotherapy and traditional Korean medicine together, effects of treatment are enhanced. And traditional Korean medical physiotherapy is appropriated to world physiotherapy's expectation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.625-632
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• 2017

Familial Parkinson's disease (PD) has been linked to point mutations and duplication of the ${\alpha}$-synuclein (${\alpha}$-syn) gene. Mutant ${\alpha}$-syn expression increases the vulnerability of neurons to exogenous insults. In this study, we developed a new PD model in the transgenic mice expressing mutant hemizygous (hemi) or homozygous (homo) A53T ${\alpha}$-synuclein (${\alpha}$-syn Tg) and their wildtype (WT) littermates by treatment with sub-toxic (10 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 5 days) or toxic (30 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 5 days) dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Tyrosine hydroxylase and Bcl-2 levels were reduced in the ${\alpha}$-syn Tg but not WT mice by sub-toxic MPTP injection. In the adhesive removal test, time to remove paper was significantly increased only in the homo ${\alpha}$-syn Tg mice. In the challenging beam test, the hemi and homo ${\alpha}$-syn Tg mice spent significantly longer time to traverse as compared to that of WT group. In order to find out responsible proteins related with vulnerability of mutant ${\alpha}$-syn expressed neurons, DJ-1 and ubiquitin enzyme expressions were examined. In the SN, DJ-1 and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, UBE2N, levels were significantly decreased in the ${\alpha}$-syn Tg mice. Moreover, A53T ${\alpha}$-syn overexpression decreased DJ-1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest that the vulnerability to oxidative injury such as MPTP of A53T ${\alpha}$-syn mice can be explained by downregulation of DJ-1.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.107-148
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• 1992

The definitions of Four Constitution (Tae-Yang-In, So-Yang-In, Tae-Eum-In, So-Eum-In) in Four-Beginning-Theory (四端論) and Distribution-Theory (擴充論) were morphologically diagrammatized. the method of measuring the five parts came from the diagrams. The five parts are the followings; Top-Line is the distance between Rt. & Lt.Shoulders. Bosom-Line is the horizontal distance passing through the Rt. & Lt.nipples. Stomach-Line is the horizontal distance passing through the Rt. & Lt. acupuncture point Bool-Yong (不容穴). Navel-Line is the horizontal distance passing through the navel. Bottom-Line is the distance between the Rt.& Lt. anterior superior iliac spines. According to it, 311 people were measured in the clinic. Through the measured numerical values, to find out the objective propriety of the morphological diagrammings and the discriminating ability of Four Constitutions by the method of measuring the five, the author tried this study and got the following results. 1. On the ground of the Internal Organs-Theory (臟腑論), the definitions of Four Constitutions were classified and diagrammatized step by step and it was possible to draw the morphological graphs satisfying the reasonable condition objectively. 2. It was found that the graphings by Mean, Standard Deviation and 95% Confidence Interval for mean of the numerical values of five measured parts and the morphological diagrammings of the definitions in Four-Beginning Theory and Distribution-Theory drove to the same figures. 3. Through the method of the Analysis of variance and the Discriminant Analysis, it was discovered that the measured numerical values of five parts could distinguish the Four Constitutions. 4. Tae-Yang-In has the longest Top-Line and the shortest Bottom-Line. The Mean head of Confidence Interval from Top to Bottom is downwardly decreased at the rate of 3.7, 1.5, 1.8, 3.4. 5. So-Yang-In has the longest Top-Line and the shortest Bottom-Line. The Mean head of confidence Interval from Top to Bottom is downwardly decreased at the rate of 2.3, 1.5, 1.5, 1.1. 6. Tae-Eum-In has the longest Navel-Line. The Mean head of Confidence Interval from Navel to Top is upwardly decreased at the rate of 0.5, 0.4, 2.5 and downwardly decreased at the rate of 2.7 between Navel and Bottom. 7. So-Eum-In has the longest Bottom-Line. The Mean head of Confidence Interval from Bottom to Top is upwardly decreased at the rate of 1.1, 1.1, 1.8, 2.3. From the above findings, it was possible to draw the morphological graphings satisfying the objectively reasonable conditions in the definitions of Four-Beginning-Theory and Distribution-Theory and it was proved that the results of the Positive Analysis, carried with the measured numerical values of five parts from the diagramming, could show the objective propriety of the morphological graphings and the discerning ability of Four Constitutions by the method of measuring the five parts.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.123-140
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to understand the special character and the tendency of the movement change that 12 meridians possess. We studied about the incidental and fundamental rule of the six atmospheric influence that was presented by Pyobonjoong(the incidental, fundamental, intermediate) theory, and the Hwang won-uh's the Six Channel activity of the Qi theory that presented movement form of the meridian through the six atmospheric influence. Then we found the following substances. The Pyobonjoong(the incidental, fundamental, intermediate) theory is applicable to understand the special character and the tendency of the movement change that Meridians possess. But, because the Pyobonjoong(the incidental, fundamental, intermediate) theory can't classify the characteristic difference of the hand and foot meridians, then the principle that can devide the meridians of the hand and foot, must be supplied. The Jungwha(right changing)-Daewha(opposite changing) theory is able to concretely classify the special character of the hand and foot six meridians. And Hwang's Shawha(superintending change)-Jongwha(following change) theory that is base on Jungwha(right changing)-Daewha(opposite changing) theory, is able to classify the special character of the hand and foot six meridians, too. If the concept of the Meridians is understood by the Shawha(superintending change)-Jongwha(following change) theory, the special character of the hand and foot six meridians could be concretely classified and then the meridian of the Bowels and the six atmospheric influence corresponded to the meridians could be expansively explained as the point that take charge and control these special Qi in the human body The Bon-Qi(fundamental Qi) act on the special character of Shawha(superintending change) six meridians and the tendency of the movement change is cause by the insufficiency and excessiveness of the Bon-Qi(fundamental Qi). The Qi of the Shawha(superintending change) meridians act on the special character of Jongwha(following change) six meridians and the tendency of the movement change is cause by the exuberance of Yang and the deficiency of Yang.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was carried to identify the component of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in human. Methods : The regional muscle group was divided into outer, middle, and inner layer. The inner part of body surface were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and to expose the inner structure of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in the order of layers. Results We obtained the results as follows; He Perfcardium Meridian Muscle composed of the muscles, nerves and blood vessels. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between terms (that is, nerves or blood vessels which control the muscle of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by the Pericardium Meridian Muscle). The inner composition of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in human is as follows ; 1) Muscle P-1 : pectoralis major and minor muscles, intercostalis muscle(m.) P-2 : space between biceps brachialis m. heads. P-3 : tendon of biceps brachialis and brachialis m. P-4 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. and palmaris longus m. tendon(tend.), flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. P-5 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. tend. and palmaris longus m. tend., flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. tend. P-6 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. tend. and palmaris longus m. tend., flexor digitorum profundus m. tend., pronator quadratus m. H-7 : palmar carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum, radiad of flexor digitorum superficialis m. tend., ulnad of flexor pollicis longus tend. radiad of flexor digitorum profundus m. tend. H-8 : palmar carpal ligament, space between flexor digitorum superficialis m. tends., adductor follicis n., palmar interosseous m. H-9 : radiad of extensor tend. insertion. 2) Blood vessel P-1 : lateral cutaneous branch of 4th. intercostal artery, pectoral br. of Ihoracoacrornial art., 4th. intercostal artery(art) P-3 : intermediate basilic vein(v.), brachial art. P4 : intermediate antebrachial v., anterior interosseous art. P-5 : intermediate antebrarhial v., anterior interosseous art. P-6 : intermediate antebrachial v., anterior interosseous art. P-7 : intermediate antebrachial v., palmar carpal br. of radial art., anterior interosseous art. P-8 : superficial palmar arterial arch, palmar metacarpal art. P-9 : dorsal br. of palmar digital art. 3) Nerve P-1 : lateral cutaneous branch of 4th. intercostal nerve, medial pectoral nerve, 4th. intercostal nerve(n.) P-2 : lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. P-3 : medial antebrachial cutaneous n., median n. musrulocutaneous n. P-4 : medial antebrachial cutaneous n., anterior interosseous n. median n. P-5 : median n., anterior interosseous n. P-6 : median n., anterior interosseous n. P-7 : palmar br. of median n., median n., anterior interosseous n. P-8 : palmar br. of median n., palmar digital br. of median n., br. of median n., deep br. of ulnar n. P-9 : dorsal br. of palmar digital branch of median n. Conclusions : This study shows some differences from already established study on meridian Muscle.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.475-487
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of cancer patients and to understand their motives for visiting Korean Medicine Hospital in order to increase satisfaction with Korean medicine among cancer patients. Methods: Data collection was conducted in the form of a survey of 100 inpatients who responded to a self-report questionnaire. Independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. Results: The main reason for visiting Korean Medicine Hospital was to prevent metastasis or recurrence of cancer. Patients showed the highest satisfaction with acupuncture and moxibustion. The average degree of satisfaction related to the doctor service was, on a 5-point scale, 4.80, and that of using procedure was 4.68. Conclusion: Most of the cancer patients are satisfied with the medical services in Korean Medicine Hospital. There were no significant differences in satisfaction degree by gender, age, or occupation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1191-1205
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was performed to review clinical research trends in the treatment of primary headache disorders with pharmacopuncture. Methods: We searched clinical studies on primary headache disorders treated with pharmacopuncture in four electronic databases including OASIS, RISS, CNKI, and Pubmed. The selected studies were analyzed with regard to study design, subject, intervention, evaluation, and result. Results: Five randomized controlled trials, one non-randomized controlled trial, one before-and-after study, and six case series were selected. Most of the studies showed that pharmacopuncture treatment was significantly effective in treating primary headache disorders; however, the quality of the randomized controlled trials was low. Conclusions: According to this study, pharmacopuncture could be a useful treatment option for primary headache disorders. Based on these results, further studies on the effectiveness and safety of pharmacopuncture for primary headache disorders should be performed in the near future.