• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.35-39
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• 2006

With a growing concern about the state of infrastructure worldwide, the demand for the development of reliable nondestructive testing techniques (NDT) is ever increasing. Among possible NDT techniques. microwave method is proven to be effective in fast and non-contact inspection of concrete structures and inclusions inside concrete. It is also found that the microwave method has a potential in detecting the delamination between fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plate and concrete. On the other hand, ultrasonic method can be another way to find the delamination. In this paper, the research work needed for the development of a reliable microwave method and ultrasonic method is studied in actual measurements of concrete specimens reinforced with FRP. Concrete specimens are made with FRP and artificial delamination inside. A microwave measurement system with horn antennas with high center frequency and broad frequency bandwidth are used to image inside concrete specimens for the detection of debonding. between concrete and FRP. Also, the equipment of ultrasonic method which is commercialized are used at the same condition. Both of the results are analyzed in comparison of each other. Microwave and ultrasonic methods have been used for the detection of debonding between concrete and fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP).

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 1997

Concrete is said to have a high degree of extensibility when it is subjected to large deformations without cracking. The cracking behavior of concrete in the field may even be more complex. For example, in mass concrete compressive stresses are developed during the very early period when temperatures are rising, and the tensile stresses do not develop until at a later age when the temperature begins to decline. Actual cracking and failure depend on the combination of factors and indeed it is rarely that a single adverse factor is responsible for cracking of concrete. The importance of cracking and the minimum width at which a crack is considered significant depend on the conditions of exposure of the concrete. The ultrasonic pulse measurements can be used to detect the development of cracks in structures such as dams, and to check deterioration due to frost or chemical action. An estimate of the depth of a crack visible at the surface can be obtained by measuring the transit times across the crack for two different arrangements of the transducers placed on the surface. In this paper, the concrete cracks that artificially introduced crack width is 1 and 2mm, crack depth is 2, 4, 6, 8cm were measured by Tc-To Method In consequence, the measured depth was increased with increase of measuring distance from concrete crack. The most reliable results were shown when the introduced crack width was 1mm, and the measuring distance was 10cm from concrete crack.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.601-623
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• 2016

Precast concrete elements are widely used in the construction of buildings and civil infrastructures as they provide higher construction quality and requires less construction time. However, any abnormalities in precast concrete surfaces such as non-flatness or distortion, can influence the erection of the elements as well as the functional performance of the connections between elements. Thus, it is important to undertake surface flatness and distortion inspection (SFDI) on precast concrete elements before their delivery to the construction sites. The traditional methods of SFDI which are conducted manually or by contact-type devices are, however, time-consuming, labor-intensive and error-prone. To tackle these problems, this study proposes techniques for SFDI of precast concrete elements using laser scanning technology. The proposed techniques estimate the $F_F$ number to evaluate the surface flatness, and estimate three different measurements, warping, bowing, and differential elevation between adjacent elements, to evaluate the surface distortion. The proposed techniques were validated by experiments on four small scale test specimens manufactured by a 3D printer. The measured surface flatness and distortion from the laser scanned data were compared to the actual ones, which were obtained from the designed surface geometries of the specimens. The validation experiments show that the proposed techniques can evaluate the surface flatness and distortion effectively and accurately. Furthermore, scanning experiments on two actual precast concrete bridge deck panels were conducted and the proposed techniques were successfully applied to the scanned data of the panels.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.783-794
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• 1994

Recently, several failure cases of concrete structures during construction have been reported. The main reason for these failures is attributed to the poor quality of concrete during construction. It is, therefore. necessary to develop and use high quality concrete. The purpose of the present study is to explore the characteristics of superplasticized concrete, especially the effects of mineral admixtures on the fluidity and strength characteristics of high performance concrete. The mineral admixtures considered in the present study are fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume, respectively. The major test variables include the amount of these mineral admixtures, cement contents and water-cement ratios. The compressive strengths for various cases were measured and reported. Optimum contents of mineral admixtures for strength development were derived. The corrosion phenomena of reinforcements embedded in various concrete specimens have been also studied. The present study provides useful basis to apply high-performance concrete to actual structures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2006

The accidents of oil leakage is increasing in the Underground Concrete structures for Oil Storege. In the result, the waterproofing in the underground structures is melt down and cannot fulfil its Performance. This study shows an experimental study in the effects of the oil leakage to on the performance of Waterproofing Materials. In order to investigate the actual condition and the problems, a comparative analyses were conducted considering the various types of leakage. Utilizing the obtained results at the basic data for test methods and the standard of quality, we intended to propose a strategy to develop an innovated waterproofing Materials and improve the clean environment of underground structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-41
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• 2010

Multi-span steel-concrete composite (SCC) bridges are very sensitive to earthquake loading. Extensive damage may occur not only in the substructures (piers), which are expected to yield, but also in the other components (e.g., deck, abutments) involved in carrying the seismic loads. Current seismic codes allow the design of regular bridges by means of linear elastic analysis based on inelastic design spectra. In bridges with superstructure transverse motion restrained at the abutments, a dual load path behavior is observed. The sequential yielding of the piers can lead to a substantial change in the stiffness distribution. Thus, force distributions and displacement demand can significantly differ from linear elastic analysis predictions. The objectives of this study are assessing the influence of piers-deck stiffness ratio and of soil-structure interaction effects on the seismic behavior of continuous SCC bridges with dual load path, and evaluating the suitability of linear elastic analysis in predicting the actual seismic behavior of these bridges. Parametric analysis results are presented and discussed for a common bridge typology. The response dependence on the parameters is studied by nonlinear multi-record incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Comparisons are made with linear time history analysis results. The results presented suggest that simplified linear elastic analysis based on inelastic design spectra could produce very inaccurate estimates of the structural behavior of SCC bridges with dual load path.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.263-273
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• 2020

The use of energy concepts in seismic analysis and design of structures requires the understanding of the input energy response of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems subjected to strong ground motions. For design purposes and non-time consuming analysis, however, it would be beneficial to associate the input energy response of MDOF systems with those of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. In this paper, the theoretical formulation of energy input to MDOF systems is developed on the basis that only a particular portion of the total mass distributed among floor levels is effective in the nth-mode response. The input energy response histories of several reinforced concrete frames subjected to a set of eleven horizontal acceleration histories selected from actual recorded events and scaled in time domain are obtained. The contribution of the fundamental mode to the total input energy response of MDOF frames is demonstrated both graphically and numerically. The input energy of the fundamental mode is found to be a good indicator of the total energy input to two-dimensional regular MDOF structures. The numerical results computed by the proposed formulation are verified with relative input energy time histories directly computed from linear time history analysis. Finally, the elastic input energies are compared with those computed from time history analysis of nonlinear MDOF systems.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.829-839
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• 2003

Recently, the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures has received great attention related with the deterioration of sea-side structures, such as new airport, bridges, and nuclear power plants. In this regards, many studies have been done on the chloride attack in concrete structures. However, those studies were confined mostly to the single deterioration due to chloride only, although actual environment is rather of combined type. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to explore the influences of carbonation to chloride attack in concrete structures. The test results indicate that the chloride penetration is more pronounced than the case of single chloride attack when the carbonation process is combined with the chloride attack. It is supposed that the chloride ion concentration of carbonation region is higher than the sound region because of the separation of fixed salts. Though the use of fly ash pronounces the chloride ion concentration in surface, amounts of chloride ion penetration into deep region decreases with the use of fly ash. The present study allows more realistic assessment of durability for such concrete structures which are subjected to combined attacks of both chlorides and carbonation but the future studies for combined environment will assure the precise assessment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2003

Recently, the durability of concrete structures has received great attention as the number of sea-side structures, such as new airport, bridges, and nuclear power plants, increases continuously. In this regards, many studies have been done on the chloride attack in concrete structures. However, those studies were confined mostly to the single deterioration due to chloride only, although actual environment is rather of combined type. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to explore the effects of combined deterioration due to chlorides and sulfates in concrete structures. To this end, comprehensive experimental program has been set up to observe the chloride penetration behavior for various test series. The test results indicate that the chloride penetration is more pronounced for the case of combined attack than the case of single chloride attack. The surface chloride content is found to increase with time and the diffusion coefficient for chloride is found to decrease with time. The prediction equations for surface chloride content and diffusion coefficient were proposed according to test results. The equations for chloride penetration considering the time-dependent diffusion coefficients and surface chlorides were also suggested. The present study allows more realistic assessment of durability for such concrete structures which are subjected to combined attacks of chlorides and high concentration sulfates but the future studies for combined environment will assure the precise assessment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.315-325
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• 2017

This study aims to provide information for the design and use of structural lightweight concrete (SLWC) for floating concrete structures in a marine environment. An experimental program was set up and comprehensive experimental campaign were carried out to determine SLWC mix proportions that can satisfy specified concrete strength, density, and slump values all of them were determined from previous research. Comparisons with previous SLWC mix designs that have been utilized for actual floating concrete structures were made. Key aspects needed to be considered regarding to the use of SLWC for floating marine concrete structures were discussed.