• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 1998

자주복 Takifugu rubripes 자어의 섭이상태에 관한 기초 지식을 얻기 위하여 수온 16.5~18.5${\circ}C$ 범위의 급이와 무급이 조건하에서 초기자어의 성장, 생존율 그리고 섭이율 등을 비교, 조사하였다. 자주복 자어는 부화후 5일 전후에서 난황흡수의 내부영양에서 외부영양으로의 전환이 시작되고, 이 시기에 있어 섭이의 유무는 그후 자어의 성장, 생존율에 큰 영향을 미치는 것이 사육실험 결과 밝혀졌다. 무급이 자어는 부화후 16일에 전 개체가 사망하나, 초기사망의 출발점은 유구가 흡수되는 부화후 9일(기아 5일)경부터 추측된다. 급이구와 무급이구 자어의 성장을 비교한 결과, 무급이구에서는 부화후 4일경부터 성장이 정지되고, 부화후 7일이후는 성장 감소를 보였다. 기아상태에 놓여있는 자어의 섭이율 변화는 기아일수 경과에 따른 자어의 유영력과 깊은 관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 자주복 종묘생산시급이 개시시기는 가능한 빨리 결정하는 것이 건강한 종묘의 생산과 높은 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있다.

• 정신신체의학
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2008

섬망은 의식의 장애와 인지 증상이 급성 발병을 하며 변동하는 경과를 보여주는 기질적인 정신과 증후군이다. 임상적 아형을 이상적으로 분류하기 위한 도구는 없지만 Lipowski(1983)가 섬망의 아형을 정신운동의 활동성을 기준으로 과활동성, 저활동성, 혼재성으로 분류한 이래로 연구자들 마다 다양한 도구를 이용하여 섬망의 아형을 임상적으로 구분하여 왔다. 그 연구 결과에 의하면 저활동성 섬망의 유병율이 과활동성 섬망에 비하여 오히려 많거나 적지 않은 것으로 보고되고 있지만 증상의 특성 때문에 저활동성 섬망의 임상적 진단이 적게 이루어지거나 우울증이나 치매 등으로 오인되는 경향을 보였다. 과활동성 섬망은 알코올 또는 벤조디아제핀 금단등에 의해 유발되며 도파민 과잉과 아세틸콜린의 결핍과 관련이 있으며 고역가 항정신병약물에 반응이 좋아 다른 아형에 비하여 예후가 양호한 반면에 저활동성 섬망은 대사성 뇌병증에 의한 경우가 흔하며 고역가 항정신병약물에 의한 반응이 예상보다 좋지 않는 경우가 있으며 임상적으로 정신자극제 치료가 효과적이라는 보고가 되고 있다. 입원 기간도 더 길고 인지 증상도 심하여 전반적으로 예후가 좋지 못한 경향이 있다. 섬망은 아형을 갖는 이질적인 증후군이다. 아형이 존재한다는 것은 아마도 각기 다른 기전에 의할 가능성을 시사하며 따라서 아형에 따라 구별되는 치료 전략이 필요할 것이다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제11권1_2호
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.190-200
• /
• 2002

Purpose; The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure sexual satisfaction in Korean adults. Method: Development of items for the instrument was done by a collecting, reorganizing, reducing and selecting process based on the literature. A total of 19 items were selected in this process. For evaluation of the appropriateness of the 19 items, questionnaires were given to an expert group consisting of 18 professionals (7 men and 11 women). Eighteen items having a response of 70% in 'very good' item or 'good' item were included as items for the instrument. With these 18 items, a 5 point Likert scale was developed, and reliability and validity tests of the scale were done. The subjects for the test were 1,127 Korean adults living in 11 areas in Korea, Data were collected from Dec. 1, 2000 to Feb. 28, 2001 and analyzed with SPSS/PC+ 10.0 program. Item analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Chronbach alpha and corrected item-total correlation were obtained to verify internal consistency, and principal component analysis with the varimax rotation was used to identify structure validity of the developed tool. Result: Reliability of the scale was .9503 and corrected item-total correlations of the items were distributed from .5208 to 7899. As a result of the factor analysis, the items were categorized into three factors. The cumulative variance of the three factors was 67.1%, and all of the variances of the factors were above 5%. Because factor 1 (8 items) indicated a special feeling of psychological satisfaction with sexual activity, it was named 'psychological factor'. Factor 2 (8 items) indicated a feeling of satisfaction in the interaction with sexual partner through communication and variation, therefore it was named 'interactional factor'. Factor 3 (2 items) was about the frequency and duration of sexual intercourse and indicated physical dimensions of satisfaction, so it was named 'physical factor'. The average score for sexual satisfaction of the 1,127 subjects was 65.32 (${\pm}12.71$), and histogram of the score showed a normal distribution with skewness - .425. Conclusion: Finally, a Korean Sexual Satisfaction Scale(KSSS) was accepted as a 5 point Likert scale with 18 items after the statistical test for reliability and validity. In conclusion, KSSS is a useful instrument which is valid and reliable can be used to understand the sexuality of Korean adults.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.239-249
• /
• 1999

The role of amino acids in culture media for IVF-ET was examined in a total of 76 cycles. Patients received clomiphene citrate (CC) followed by hMG or GnRH-a combined with gonadotropins (FSH/hMG) for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Severe male (<$4{\times}10^6$ motile sperm) or age factor (>39 y) patients were excluded in this study. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac or fetal cardiac activity was seen on ultrasound. No significant differences were found in age, duration of infertility, follicle size, the level of $E_2$ on the day of hCG injection, the mean number of oocytes retrieved, total motile sperm count, fertilization rate and the mean number of embryos transferred between bHTF (without amino acids) and mHTF (with amino acids) groups. However, total ampules of gonadotropins were higher (p<0.01) in mHTF group than bHTF group. Significantly (p<0.05) more clinical pregnancies were recorded in mHTF group (13/30) compared with bHTF group (9/46). The multiple pregnancy rates were 11.1% in bHTF group and 7.7% in mHTF group. There were one ectopic pregnancy in mHTF group and one heterotopic pregnancy in bHTF group. Abortion rates were 22.2% in bHTF group and 7.7% in mHTF, respectively. The ongoing pregnancy or livebirth rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in mHTF group (12/30) than bHTF group (7/46). These results suggest that the addition of amino acids in culture media is essential for culture of zygotes in vitro and adjustment of energy substrates in phosphate-free culture media appears to be beneficial for human IVF-ET procedure.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.89-112
• /
• 2002

The earliest reports of the use of electrical energy to directly stimulate bone healing seem to be in 1853 from England, the techniques involved the introduction of direct current into the non-united fracture site percutaneously via metallic needles, with subsequent healing of the defect. One endpoint of the periodontal therapy is to generate structure lost by periodontal diseases. Several procedural advances may support regeneration of attachment, however, regeneration of alveolar bone does not occur consistently. Therefore, factors which stimulate bone repair are areas for research in periodontal reconstructive therapy. Effects of cytokines or growth factors on bone repair are examples of such areas. Another one is electrical current which occurs in bone naturally, so that such bone may be particularly susceptible to electrical therapy. The purposes of this study were to observe the effects of electrical stimulation on the normal periodontium, to determine whether the electricity is the useful means for periodontal regeneration or not. Forty rats weighted about 100 gram were used and divided into 4 groups, the first group, there was no electrical stimulation with the connection of electrodes only. In the second group, there was stimulated by the 10 mA during 10 minutes per a day, in the third group was stimulated by the 25 mA , and the fourth by the 50 mA. At 3, 5, 10 and 15 days post-appliance , two rats in each group were serially sacrificed. and the maxillae and the mandible processed to paraffin, and the specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain for the light microscopic evaluation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was the distinct reversal line on the lingual alveolar crest, whereas a little changes in the labial alveolarcrest to the duration and amount of currents. 2. In 50 mA group, the cells were highly concentrated at the apex of anterior teeth, and was observed the necrotic tissue. In posterior root apex, the hypercementosis was appeared, and newly formed cementum layer has been increased continuously with the time. 3. The periodontal ligament fiber and Sharpey's fiber were arranged in order, and the bone trabeculae were increased as the experiment proceeded by, relatively the bone marrows were decreased. 4. In the pulp tissue, the blood vessels were increased with blood congestion in the experimetal specimens remarkably, and the dentinal tubules were obstructed . 5. The osteoblasts in alveolar bone proper had been showed highly activity, and also observed the formation of bone trabeculea. In the conclusion, it was suggested that the electrical stimulation has influence on the periodontium and the pulp tissue. However, there might be the injurious effects.

• 수면정신생리
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.164-171
• /
• 1997

Introduction : Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is shown to common in patients with OSA and may become evident or worsened when treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Whether this is due to im proved sleep continuity. adverse nocturnal body positioning, uncovered by CPAP, or due to the CPAP stimulus is still debat-ed. We hypothesized that the increase in PLM activity following CPAP is associated with more supine-sleeping tendencies when being treated with CPAP. In the present work, we compared differences in the PLMD index (PLMI) and sleeping position of patients with sleep disordered breathing before and after CPAP treatment. Method : We studied 16 patients (mean age 46 yr, 9M, 7F) with OSA (11 patients) or UARS (5 patients) who either had PLMD on initial polysomnogram (baseline PSG) or on nasal CPAP trial (CPAP PSG). All periodic leg movements were scored on anterior tibialis EMG during sleep according to standard criteria (net duration; 0.5-5.0 seconds, intervals; 4-90 seconds. 4 consecutive movements). Paired t-tests compared PLMD index (PLMI), PLMD-related arousal index (PLMD-ArI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and supine sleeping position spent with baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. Results : Ten patients (63%) on baseline PSG and fifteen patients (94%) on CPAP PSG had documented PLMD ($PLMI{\ge}5$) respectively with significant increase on CPAP PSG(p<0.05). Ten patients showed the emergence (6/10 patients) or substantial worsening (4/10 patients) of PLMD during CPAP trial. Mean CPAP pressure was $7.6{\pm}1.8\;cmH_2O$. PLMI tended to increase from baseline PSG to CPAP PSG, and significantly increase when excluding 2 outlier (baseline PSG, $19.0{\pm}25.8/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $29.9{\pm}12.5/hr$, p<0.1). PLMD-ArI showed no significant change, but a significant decrease was detected when excluding 2 outlier (p<0.1). There was no significant sleeping positional difference (supine vs non-supine) on baseline PSG, but significantly more supine position (supine vs non-supine, p<0.05) on CPAP PSG. There was no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping and nonsupine-sleeping position on both of baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. There was also no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping position between baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. With nasal CPAP, there was a highly significant reduction in the RDI (baseline PSG, $14.1{\pm}21.3/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $2.7{\pm}3.9/hr$, p<0.05). Conclusion : This preliminary data confirms previous findings that CPAP is a very effective treatment for OSA, and that PLMD is developed or worsened with treatment by CPAP. This data also indicates that supine-sleeping position is more common when being treated with CPAP. However, there was no clear evidence that supine position is the causal factor of increased PLMD with CPAP. It is, however, suggested that the relative movement limitation induced by CPAP treatment could be a contributory factor of PLMD.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제11권11호
• /
• pp.545-551
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 단시간 들기 내리기 작업을 실시한 누적피로 대상자에게 미세전류자극 및 휴식을 적용하여 피로 지수에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 2012년 12월부터 2013년 2월까지 S대학에서 연구가 진행되었으며, 말초질환 및 근골격계 질환이 없고 오른손을 사용하는 20대의 신체 건강한 남자 22명을 대상자로 선정하였다. 모든 대상자는 10 kg 상자를 15분 동안 들기 내리기를 100회 실시한 직후, 표면근전도기를 이용한 근피로지수(Median Frequency : MF)와 혈액피로지수(Creatine Kinase Lactate : CK, Lactate Dehydrogenase : LDH)를 측정하였다. 두 그룹으로 나누어 실험군에는 미세전류자극을 대조군에는 휴식을 각각 20분간 중재하였다. 중재 후, 근피로지수와 혈액피로지수를 측정하여 누적 피로지수의 변화를 비교하였다. 그 결과 휴식그룹의 왼쪽 척주세움근 피로지수를 제외한 두 그룹 모두에서 중재방법 적용 전보다 적용 후 유의한 누적피로의 감소(p<.05)가 있었고, 미세전류의 자극은 휴식과 비교했을 때, 근피로지수의 유의한 감소(p<.05)를 보였지만, 혈액피로지수는 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 미세전류자극은 반복적인 들기와 내리기 작업 종사자들의 근피로회복에 도움이 될 것이라 사료되며, 장시간 피로지수 추적조사 및 중재 적용시간에 따른 피로회복의 상관관계 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.389-398
• /
• 1999

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of endogenous LH surge, GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as ovulation trigger on pregnancy rate by intrauterine insemination (IUI). Method: Patients received daily 100 mg of clomiphene citrate (CC) for 5 days starting on the third day of the menstrual cycle followed by human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) for ovulation induction. Follicles larger than >16 mm in diameter were present in the ovary, frequent LH tests in urine were introduced to detect an endogenous LH surge. Final follicular maturation and ovulation were induced by GnRH-a 0.1 mg (s.c.) or hCG $5,000{\sim}10,000$ IU (i.m.) administration except natural ovulation. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac or fetal cardiac activity was seen on ultrasound. Results: There were no differences in age, duration of infertility and follicle size, but more ampules of hMG were used in GnRH-a group compared to hCG 10,000 IU treated group (p<0.05). Lower level of estradiol ($E_2$) on the day of hCG or GnRH-a injection was observed in hCG 10,000 IU group than other treatment groups (p<0.01). The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 19.8% per cycle (32/162) and 22.2% per patient (32/144). Pregnancy rate was higher in natural-endogenous LH surge group (37.5%, 9/24) than GnRH-a (18.8%) or hCG treated group (20.9% & 13.9%), but this difference was not statistically significant. No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation. Abortion rate was 22.2% (2/9) in hCG 5,000 IU group. Delivery or ongoing pregnancy rate was 37.5% (9/24), 18.8% (3/16), 16.3% (7/43) and 13.9% (11/79) in endogenous LH surge, GnRH-a, hCG 5,000 IU and hCG 10,000 IU treatment groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results support the concept that use of natural-endogenous LH surge in stimulated cycles may be more effective to obtain pregnancies by IUI than GnRH-a or hCG administration.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.1-33
• /
• 1983

The role and function of nursing care nowadays, tend to acquire sophisicated technology because specialization has expended due to increase of the medical population and the improvement of national health standards. To implement nursing care independently as a professional nurse, the apprehension of specific knowledge and skill should be acquired during basic nursing education. So it is important for nursing education not only to include theory and actual techniques, but also to strengthen the practical training in the actual clinical setting. This study was carried out with the following objectives; 1. To survey the detailed content and frequency of actual nursing students display during their clinical training. 2. To investigate the detailed content and frequency of actual nursing behavior which students display in each clinical a area. 3. To identify the motive for selection of nursing as their major and to determine the degree of self confidence, extent of knowledge and recognition of nursing responsibility. 4. To observe the relationship between actual nursing behavior and each of the following; 1) Motive for selecting nursing as a major 2) Self confidence 3) Knowledge of nursing care 4) Recognition of nursing responsibility The conclusions of this study were as follows; 1. Among the detailed nursing behavior which junior nursing college students carry out in clinical training; taking respiration's showed the highest frequency, and taking body temperatures, blood pressures, and pulses and making beds were next in frequency in this order. 2. In detailed nursing behaviors according to clinical area; taking vital signs showed the highest frequency in the emergency room, pediatric ward, orthopedic ward, general surgical ward and internal medicine ward. However, in the operating room, assisting with endotracheal tube insertion and sterile techniques were showen to have the highest frequencies. In nursery, umbilical cord care and the measurement of body weight were the highest in frequency In neurosurgical ward, the measurement of vital signs, changing position and tracheostomy care were the highest in frequency. In obstetric and gynecological ward and in the delivery room, checking duration, intensity and frequency of contractions was the highest in frequency. 3. In regard to the motive for majoring in nursing, the aptitude and interest of the student had the highest percentage(32.86%), and self-confidence in nursing activities (M=3.36), knowledge in nursing activities.(M=3. 09), and the recognition of the nursing activity (M= 3.76) wire in the middle range. 4. When the detailed nursing behaviors were compared with motive, self confidence, knowledge and recognition, it was found that when the nursing behavior was difficult and regarding much endeavor although the motive was high, the frequency of the nursing behavior was rather low. But in the cases in which there was much self confidence and a high level of skill was required, nursing behavior was carried more frequently. When there was muck self confidence and skill was not required, the frequency of nursing behavior was rather low. In the cases of a high level of knowledge, the frequency of nursing behavior was low and when recognition for nursing behavior was given the frequency of nursing behavior was low.