• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.893-897
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• 2002

The chloroform layer from 75% ethanol extract of Dalbergia odorifera T.CHEN showed strong antioxidative activity on lard and palm oil as tested by Rancimat method. Antioxidative active compound isolated and identified by silica gel column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, mass spectrophotometer, $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ was identified as mucronulatol (3(R&S)-3,7-Dihydroxy-2',4-dimethoxyisoflavan). Results of Rancimat method revealed the induction period of Mucronulatol increased longer than those of synthetic antioxidant, BHA and BHT, at the same concentration. Mucronulatol combined with ${\delta}-tocopherol(200ppm)$, and with ascorbic acid (200 ppm) and citric acid (200 ppm) on lard and palm oil, respectively, showed strong synergistic effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the optimal extraction condition of temperatures and kinds of extraction solvent, and antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf and organic acid against foodborne microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hour against foodborne microorganisms was stronger than those at $30^{\circ}C\;and\;90^{\circ}C$. Also, the ethanol extract showed stronger antimicrobial activity than those of water and methanol extract. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes, was $62.5{\sim}125\;{\mu}g/mL$ but, the minimal inhibitory concentration was $250\;{\mu}g/mL$ against S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa and over $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ against E. coli O157:H7, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the lactic, citric, acetic acid and the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes was 2500, 5000, 1250 and $125\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The combined effect of each organic acid and the ethanol extract against B. cereus was not observed but, synergistic effect was observed against L. monocytogenes. In the meantime, when the ethanol extract was combined with each organic acid at sub-lethal concentration, the combination did not increase the inhibitory effect of the most active single compound alone against E. coli O157:H7, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2018

Skin-aging is accelerated by the increased expression of MMP-1 caused by the increased skin temperature induced by IR/visible light as well as UV. Thus, the control of skin temperature is important to inhibit heat-induced aging. Many studies have been conducted to lower the skin temperature through the controlling transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel (TRPM8), which is known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) and is activated at temperature below $25^{\circ}C$. In this study, we first investigated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) on the TRPM8 expression. Results showed that GLE, hexane (Hex) fractions and water fractions increased the TRPM8 expression in a dose dependent manner. Active compound in Hex fractions were separated by chromatography and analyzed by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were identified as ergosterol and it also significantly increased the TRPM8 expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that G. lucidum extract and ergosterol have the potential as a new cooling ingredient in the cosmetics.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.868-873
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• 2003

Ginsenosides, major active ingredients of Panax ginseng, that exhibit various pharmacological and physiological actions are transformed into compound K (CK) or M4 by intestinal microorganisms. CK is a metabolite derived from protopanaxadiol (PD) ginsenosides, whereas M4 is a metabolite derived from protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides. Recent reports shows that ginsenosides might playa role as pro-drugs for these metabolites. In present study, we investigated the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is one of major binding proteins on various neurotransmitters, hormones, and other pharmacological agents, on ginsenoside $Rg_{2-}$, CK-, or M4-induced regulation of $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In the absence of BSA, treatment of ACh elicited inward peak current ($I_{Ach}$) in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor. Co-treatment of ginsenoside $Rg_2$, CK, or M4 with ACh inhibited IAch in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor with reversible and dose-dependent manner. In the presence of 1% BSA, treatment of ACh still elicited $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor and co-treatment of ginsenoside $Rg_2$ or M4 but not CK with ACh inhibited $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor with reversible and dose-dependent manner. These results show that BSA interferes the action of CK rather than M4 on the inhibitory effect of $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor and further suggest that BSA exhibits a differential interaction on ginsenoside metabolites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.467-473
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to determine various bio-active components from some brown rice and milled rice of some cultivars, as well as to assess their contribution to the radical scavenging linked-antioxidant activity. DPPH or ABTS radical scavenging activities, and reducing power have been used to investigate the relative antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts. The contents of total polyphenol, total flavonoid, $\gamma$-oryzanol, and vitamin E in the extracts were also measured by spectrophotometric methods or HPLC. The antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts from brown rice were higher than those from milled rice. In addition, our results showed that the high level of antioxidant compounds was found in brown rice of Hongjinju, and the antioxidant activities of the 70% ethanol extracts from pigmented brown rices, such as Hongjinju and Heugkwang, were comparably higher than the others.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.725-737
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• 2020

Background: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a kind of aggressive hematological cancer, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in most patients with T-ALL and responsible for poor prognosis. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-GRh2) is a major active compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anti-cancer effects. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in T-ALL have not been explored. Methods: Cell growth and cell cycle were determined to investigate the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on ALL cells. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins were detected in 20(S)-GRh2-treated Jurkat cells by immunoblotting. Antitumor effect of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL was investigated in xenograft mice. The mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL were examined by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results: In the present study, the results showed that 20(S)-GRh2 decreased cell growth and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase in ALL cells. 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis through enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and upregulating apoptosis-related proteins. 20(S)-GRh2 significantly elevated the levels of pEGFP-LC3 and autophagy-related proteins in Jurkat cells. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was effectively blocked by 20(S)-GRh2. 20(S)-GRh2 suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in Jurkat cells. Finally, 20(S)-GRh2 alleviated symptoms of leukemia and reduced the number of white blood cells and CD3 staining in the spleen of xenograft mice, indicating antitumor effects against T-ALL in vivo. Conclusion: These findings indicate that 20(S)-GRh2 exhibits beneficial effects against T-ALL through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and could be a natural product of novel target for T-ALL therapy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2002

The herb, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var, latilobum commonly known as Gu-Jul-Cho in Korea, used in traditional medicine to treat pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, common cold, pharyngitis, bladder-related disorders, gastroenteric disorders, and hypertension. Linarin is the main active compound and the biological mechanisms of its activity are unclear. It is believed that effects of this herb may be exerted through the pluripotent effectors of linarin due to its ability to treat a variety of afflictions. In this study, the effects of linarin on the mouse macrophages cell line, RAW 264.7, were investigated. It was found that linarin could activate macrophages by producing cytokines. Monocytes and tissue macrophages produce at least two groups of protein mediators of inflammation, interleukin 1 (IL-1 ) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent studies have shown that TNF and IL-1 modulate the inflammatory function of endothelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. $TNF-{\alpha}$ production by macrophages treated with linarin occured in a dose dependent manner However, IL-1 production was largely unaffected by this natural product. This study demonstrated the ability of linarin to activate macrophages both directly and indirectly. Linarin also affect both cytosine production and nitric oxide inhibition, in addition to the expression of some surface molecules. Nitric oxide (NO), derived from L-argin-ine, is produced by two forms(constitutive and inducible) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The NO produced in large amounts by inducible NOS is known to be responsible for the vasodilation and hypotension observed in septic shock. Linarin was found to inhibit NO production in the LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Linarin may be a useful candidate as a new drug for treating endotoxemia and the inflammation accompanied by NO overproduction. The linarin-treated total Iymphocytes exhibited cytotoxicity in a dose dependent manner between $20{\;}{\mu}g/ml{\;}and{\;}40{\;}{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggest that linarin may function through macrophage activation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.354-361
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• 2009

This study was carried out to develop an effective biocarrier-mediated bioaugmentation technology which will be useful for remediation of the crude oil-contaminated marine sediments. Enrichment of several microbial communities was made from several oil-polluted seashore sites and the two distinctively functional consortia have been successfully selected. These two consortia were grown together and used to manufacture the microbial agents for bioaugmentation of marine sediments polluted with crude oil. The most dominant species in the mixed culture was identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis based on pure culture and DGGE analysis. Bioaugmentation of oil-polluted marine sediments with the microbial agent MA-2 formulated using the mixed culture and biocarriers (activated carbon and minerals) was more effective, especially in combination with an oxygen producing (releasing) compound (ORC). Ninty percent of TPH was removed in the presence of ORC in 35 days while 74% in the absence of ORC. This indicated that the indigenous consortial degraders could be immobilized on the active carbon as a biocarrier to manufacture microbial agents and then effectively bioaugmented for remediation of the oil-polluted sediments.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.425-431
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• 2005

New type of supercapacitor using high surface area activated carbons mixed with high conductivity polypyrrole (Ppy) has been prepared in order to achieve low impedance and high energy density. Mixed carbons of BP-20 and MSP-20 were used as the active electrode material, and polypyrrole doped with 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2-NSA) and carbon black (Super P) as conducting agents were added to activated carbons in order to enhance good electric conductivity. Electrodes prepared with the activated electrode materials and the conducting agents were added to a solution of organic binder [P(VdF-co-HFP) / NMP]. The ratio of optimum electrode composition was 78 : 17 : 5 wt.％ of (MSP20 : BP-20=1 : 1), (Super P : Ppy=10 : 7) and P(VdF-co-HFP) respectively. The performance of unit cell with addition of 7 wt％ Ppy have shown specific capacitance of 28.02 F/g, DC-ESR of $1.34{\Omega}$, AC-ESR of $0.36{\Omega}$, specific energy of 19.87 Wh/kg and specific power of 9.77 kW/kg. With addition of Ppy, quick charge-discharge of unit cell was possible because of low ESR, low charge transfer resistance and quick reaction rate. And good stability up to 500 chargedischarge cycles were retained about 80％ of their original capacity. It was concluded that the specific capacitance originated highly from compound phenomena of the pseudocapacitance by oxidation-reduction of polypyrrole and the nonfaradaic capacitance by adsorption-desorption of activated carbons.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

Objectives: Lawsone (1,4 naphthoquinone) is a non redox cycling compound that can be catalyzed by DT diaphorase (DTD) into 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN), which can generate reactive oxygen species by auto oxidation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the phytomarker 1,4 naphthoquinone and its metabolite THN by using the molecular docking program AutoDock 4. Methods: The 3D structure of ligands such as hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) were drawn using hyperchem drawing tools and minimizing the energy of all pdb files with the help of hyperchem by $MM^+$ followed by a semi-empirical (PM3) method. The docking process was studied with ligand molecules to identify suitable dockings at protein binding sites through annealing and genetic simulation algorithms. The program auto dock tools (ADT) was released as an extension suite to the python molecular viewer used to prepare proteins and ligands. Grids centered on active sites were obtained with spacings of $54{\times}55{\times}56$, and a grid spacing of 0.503 was calculated. Comparisons of Global and Local Search Methods in Drug Docking were adopted to determine parameters; a maximum number of 250,000 energy evaluations, a maximum number of generations of 27,000, and mutation and crossover rates of 0.02 and 0.8 were used. The number of docking runs was set to 10. Results: Lawsone and THN can be considered to efficiently bind with NOS, CAT, GSH, GR, G6PDH and NADPH, which has been confirmed through hydrogen bond affinity with the respective amino acids. Conclusion: Naphthoquinone derivatives of lawsone, which can be metabolized into THN by a catalyst DTD, were examined. Lawsone and THN were found to be identically potent molecules for their affinities for selected proteins.