• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-72
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• 2017

Diversification to develop oak pruned neck utilization technology reduction of operation cost of cheonma(Gastrodia elata) farmers is the purpose of this research, but the results of the experiment are as follows. The soil chemistry of the plantation was very weak in 2015 when the pH was 5.7, weakly acidic and EC was 0.41 (ds/m), but the faux spring area was very sunny, but at the end of May, early June, late July And so on were at a maximum temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ or more, and underground temperature fell below freezing in late January 2016. In the content of the survey of the harvested volume, treatment with a diameter of 6 to 10 cm appeared in 1,366 g total weight and in treated plots with a diameter of 20 cm or more, appeared in 1,542 g, confirming that the number and weight of the interspaces from the small neck is higher than the practice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Coal combustion bottom ash(BA) has high carbon and calcium content, and alkaline pH, which might improve nutrient cycling in soil related to microbial enzyme activities as it is used as soil amendment. However, it contains heavy metals such as copper(Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc(Zn), which could cause heavy metals accumulation in soil. Compost might play a role that stabilize BA. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of combined application of BA and compost as soil amendment on heavy metals concentration, enzyme activities, chemical properties, and crop yield in upland soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: BA was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha under different rate of compost application (0 and 30 Mg/ha) in radish (Raphanus sativus var) field. Combined application of BA and compost more improved chemical properties such as pH, EC, OM, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations of soil than single application of BA. Water soluble Mn and Zn concentration in soil significantly decreased with increasing application rate of BA. Decrease in those metals concentration was accelerated with combined application of BA and compost. Urease and dehydrogenase activities significantly increased with increasing application rate of BA. Phosphotase activities were not affected with single application of BA but increased with combined application of BA and compost. Radish yield was not affected by application rate of BA. CONCLUSION: From the above results, combined application of BA and compost could be used as soil amendment to improve chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil without increase in heavy metal concentration and decrease in crop yield in upland soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 1984

A pot experiment was conducted to learn the effect of non-compounded and compounded (with super phosphate) liquid fertilizers made of amino acid fermentation by product and the time of their application on the emergences and yield of orchard grass. Results obtained as follows; 1. The Application of the liquid fertilizers, on seeding day of the orchard grass raised soil pH and salt concentration more than the application on the days before seeding and decreased the number of sprouts of the grass which also lead to a lower yield of the grass compared with the latter. 2. Liquid compound fertilizer, however, tended to reduce the harmful effect on sprouting orchard grass compared with non-compounded liquid fetilizer, particulary in soil of on-lime applied. 3. The application of liquid and liquid compound fetilizers on somewhat acidic bare land a quite ahead of seeding or transplanting crops may not only reduce the effect of the fertilizers, provided the land is free from washing by rain or irrigation water, but also provide better conditions for sprouting and early growth of plant seedings than the use at the pre-seeding or pro-transplanting time.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1986

The correlations between environmental influences on microorganisms in soil and its effects on disease development in ginseng field were studied to obtain some useful data for increasing ginseng production and effective preventive measures against the root rot caused by soil-borne pathogens. The diseased replanted ginseng fields were selected as the diseased field and the healthy plot in first planted field selected as control in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were analyzed and microorganisms susceptible for root rot of ginseng, such as Fusarium spp. and general fungi were investigated for their population density in various soil conditions. Correlations between soil microbial populations and environmental factors were investigated. The numbers of Fusarium spp. propagules were abundant in fall in both soil conditions. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were 1.9 to 2.6 times higher in replanted field than first planted field except Goesan area. Relative ratio of Fusarium spp. to total fungi propagules in replanted field was 1.6 times higher in replanted field than first planted field indicating higher numbers of Fusarium spp. distributed in replanted field of soil. The numbers of propagules of total fungi were increased in June and July and there was no sensitive variation according to the temperature. There was no significant difference in vertical distributions of total fungi according to soil depth, while the total fungi were abundant in the surface layer and $10{\sim}15\;cm$ layer. The contents of organic matter and phosphate in healthy field were somewhat high, and phosphate/organic matter ratio and Mg contents were high in diseased field. All of the soils showed a weak acidic pH of 4.5 to 5.7. Soil moisture contents were increased during winter season, but did not show any significant changes during the growing periods, showing 24.6% in healthy field and 19.5% in diseased field respectively. Soil temperature was the highest in July and August and the lowest in January and February.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1709-1714
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• 2004

The changes of microflora and enzyme activities in Alaska pollack sikhae were evaluated in 3 different temperature conditions, 5$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and alternating temperature (stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ after 10 days of fermentation at 2$0^{\circ}C$), respectively. The number of proteolytic bacteria and 2 lactic acid bacteria including Lactobacillus sp. and Pediococcus sp. increased rapidly up to 10 days and composed major portion of total viable cell (TVC) in sikhae fermented at 2$0^{\circ}C$, whereas those of TVC were occupied by Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp. and yeast after 10 days of fermentation. The major species of microflora in sikhae fermented at alternating temperature were, composed of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Streptococcus after 10 days of fermentation. Especially, Leuconostoc sp. was kept up to 27 days at 5$^{\circ}C$ than other temperature conditions (16 days). The activities of protease and lipase in acidic region (pH 3.0) were higher at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than at 5$^{\circ}C$ due to sensitivity of temperature, although those of protease and lipase in neutral region (pH 7.0) were not found any differences in both temperatures. Changing temperature condition from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 5$^{\circ}C$ in alternating temperature inactivated protease activity, whereas lipase activity was still maintained during fermentation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2015

Geochemical characteristics, water quality, $NO_3{^-}$ contamination and the origin of $NO_3{^-}$ were analyzed for the groundwater located at Ogcheon, Korea. The water qualities were weakly acidic to weakly alkalic and redox potentials indicated reduction condition. Compared to granitic rocks, metamorphic sedimentary rocks with intercalations of limestones and dolomites tended to be more effectively dissolved, resulting in higher pH and higher concentrations of dissolved ingredients. Contamination of heavy metals was not revealed. Geochemical reactions of carbonate rocks and influxes of artificial contamination ingredients seemed to simultaneously determine the geochemical characteristics and water qualities in the study area. From the results of ${\delta}^{15}N$ isotope analysis, the origin of $NO_3{^-}$ was estimated to be influenced dominantly by agricultural activities and human feces and urine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1991

The browning reaction of sugar derivatives, fructo-oligosaccharide, high maltose syrup(HMS), sorbitol and maltitol, and their effect on the appearance of jam and candy were investigated. The spectrophotometrie scanning of the absorbance between 230 nm and 700 nm could demonstrate the heat induced browning of the sugar derivatives. Fructo-oligosaccharide and HMS showed sharp increase in absorbance at 270-330 nm range by heating at $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr but sorbitol and maltitol did not show the increase in absorbance. When the pH was lowered red from neutral to 2.0, the absorbance of HMS and sucrose increased sharply, showing that these substances are relatively unstable in acidic heating compared to fructo-oligosaccharide. The addition of glycine enhanced the browing reaction of fructo-oligosaccharide and HMS, whereas little change was observed with sucrose, sorbitol and maltitol. These browning characterisitcs of sugar derivatives were reflected to the color development of apple jam and candy where they were used. Both fructo-oligosaccharide and HMS increased the yellowness of these products, while sugar alcohols reduced the yellowness compared to sugar.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 1997

To examine of possibility protein recycling of shaving scraps contained chrome generated from manufacturing process of leather, the characteristics of hydrolyzed protein that differently treated with MgO as alkaline agent were investigated. In alkaline hydrolysis of saving scraps treated with MgO, MgO had to be treated over 5.0% to maintain over pH 8.0 that is insoluble of chrome. Under the condition of alkaline treated with MgO, the solubility of chrome is low with about 60%. The average molecular weight of hydrolyzed proteins from shaving scraps treated with MgO was about 80~100 KD. The amino acid contents of that were largely collagen proteins such as glycine, alanine and proline, and acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutatamic acid. The contents of Mg, Ca and Na in hydrolyzed protein were too much as liquid fertilizer, and chrome contents was 30~40 ppm that largely decreased in comparing with raw materials (40,000~42,000 ppm).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2012

Production of liquid starters using wheat bran as a medium for Rhizopus oryzae N174 and the changes in their characteristics noted during storage were investigated in this study. The optimal culture conditions of the liquid starters were determined to be 5~15% (w/v) wheat bran and 48~72 hrs of incubation. The effects of liquid starters with different storage periods and temperatures (-18, 4, 10 and $25^{\circ}C$) on the quality of wheat nuruk were evaluated. According to the results of the pH, acidity, reducing sugar and enzyme activities, it was found that liquid starter using wheat bran preserved for one day, at any temperature, is the best method of storage for seed cultures for R. oryzae N174.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.635-648
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the emulsifying properties of surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cake by supercritical $CO_2$ extraction. Based on the interfacial tension data, a supercritical fluid extract (SFE) with the lowest value of 14.16 mN/m was chosen for evaluation which was obtained from No. 2 extraction condition (150 bar, $65^{\circ}C$, 250 g). For emulsions with SFE, some physicochemical properties (i.e., fat globule size, creaming stability, zeta potential etc) were investigated according to changes in SFE concentration, pH, and NaCl addition in an emulsion. It was found that fat globule size was decreased with increasing SFE concentration in emulsion, with showing a critical value at 0.5 wt%, thereby resulting in less susceptibility to creaming behavior. The SFE emulsion also showed instability at acidic conditions (pH<7.0) as well as by NaCl addition. This was coincided with zeta potential data of emulsion. In addition, SSL (sodium stearoyl lactylate) found to be suitable as a co-surfactant, as it helped considerably in decreasing fat globule size in emulsions and its optimum concentration to be over 0.03 wt%, based on 0.1 wt% SFE in emulsion.