• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.263-266
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• 2001

Isopropylation of phenol with 2-propanol has been carried out over Na-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolites to determine the effect of catalyst acidity on phenol conversion and product selectivity. The acid type and strength of the catalyst such as Lewis, weak and strong Bronsted acid sites are measured by pyridine adsorbed XPS and the catalytic properties are interpreted in terms of the acid properties. The active site and mechanism for the reaction are suggested based on evidence of study from the reactant adsorbed FT-IR.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to increase the ultraviolet-light (UV)-cut ability of cellulose fabrics (cotton, ramie, and rayon) dyed with safflower yellow colorants. For this purpose, samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid were compared with the untreated samples after UV exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), SEM, and strength retention. The K/S value rapidly decreased after 28 days exposure, whereas the K/S value of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid decreased to less than that of the untreated samples. In color changes, $L^*$ increased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, indicating less red and yellow character in color. This induced a change in the hue, value and chroma values. However the color change(${\Delta}E$) of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was less than that of the untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures showed a severe degradation by exposure in all samples. Tensile strength rapidly decreased after 28 days for cotton and rayon, and after 21 days for ramie. However, the strength retention of the samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was higher than that of the untreated samples.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2006

방사성 폐기물을 시멘트로 고화처리는 농축 폐액 내의 붕산으로 인해 시멘트의 양생을 지연시키며 감용비가 낮아지는 현상을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위하여 파라핀 왁스로 처리하여 감용 효과를 높이는 연구를 수행하였다. 파라핀 왁스는 소수성이 커서 무기물과의 혼합특성이 좋지 않아 층 분리 현상이 일어날 수 있다. 왁스의 양이 적은 경우 고화체의 압축강도가 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 먼저 폐기물의 붕산성분을 알칼리염으로 처리하고 이것을 stearic acid로 코팅처리 하였다. 파라핀 왁스로 고화처리 시 왁스의 함량을 일정이상 유지하면 시멘트로 처리한 고화체의 압축강도로 향상되었고 파라핀 고화체의 침출특성에서 파라핀 왁스를 20% 및 25% 함유한 고화체는 CFL (cumulative fraction leached), PR (penetration rate), 유효확산계수 등이 비숫한 값을 지닌다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2002

Corrosion fatigue tests were carried out to clarify the influence of acid fog as environmental factor on the fatigue strength of SM55C using rotary bending fatigue tester. The fatigue strength of acid fog specimen extremely decreased about 80% compared to that of distilled water specimen. In acid fog environment, a number of cracks commenced at corrosion pit and coalesced with the adjacent cracks during they propagate, and they formed a single non-propagating circumferential crack under the endurance stress of N=5$\times$10$\^$7/ cycles. Also, the depth of the crack is smaller than that of normal fatigue crack, so the crack has a veil small aspect ratio. The reason of this peculiar crack growth characteristics is that the crack opening-closure behaviors are hindered by corrosion products on the surface crack faces, and hence it is thinkable that the strong corrosion action like anodic dissolution for crack growth in depth direction is weaker compared with surface, resulting from faint pumping action of crack during loading-shedding processes.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded to non-demineralized teeth with either phosphoric acid etching or self-etching primer. Methods: Sixty human premolars were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 15 each): phosphoric acid etching (group 1); self-etching primer (group 2); CPP-ACP for 2 weeks + phosphoric acid etching (group 3), and CPP-ACP for 2 weeks + self-etching primer (group 4). After bonding of the maxillary premolar metal brackets, specimens were subjected to shear forces in a testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe etching patterns on the enamel surfaces of all teeth. A 2-way analysis of variance was used to test for effects of CPP-ACP and etching system on SBS. Results: Significantly higher mean SBSs were observed in groups subjected to phosphoric acid etching (i.e., groups 1 and 3; p < 0.05). On the other hand, SBSs did not appear to be influenced by CPP-ACP (i.e., groups 3 and 4; p > 0.05). We observed a uniform and clear etched pattern on the enamel surface of the phosphoric acid etching groups. Conclusions: CPP-ACP does not significantly affect the SBS of orthodontic brackets bonded to non-demineralized teeth, regardless of which adhesive method is used to bond the brackets.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.2669-2672
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• 2014

Double bond migration of butene-2 to butene-1 over ${\eta}$-alumina was investigated. The effects of calcination temperature on catalytic properties were analyzed by applying BET surface area, XRD, $NH_3$-TPD, and FT-IR of adsorbed pyridine techniques. The highest activity of the ${\eta}$-alumina catalyst calcined at $600^{\circ}C$ could be attributed not only to the highest amount of weak and medium strength acid sites, but also to the highest ratio of medium to weak strength Lewis acid sites.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.361-363
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• 1998

Faujasite 표면 수산기를 나타내는 cluster 모델의 전체에너지, 쌍극자모멘트, Wiberg결합차수 및 형식전하를 CNDO/2법을 이용하여 계산하였다. 이에 관한 양자화학적 고찰은 faujasite 표면 수산기의 산세기가 그 기하학적 구조와 Si/Al비에 의존되어 있음을 보여준다. B산성의 세기는 가교형 수산기가 독립형 수산기에 비해 컸었다. 모델분자들의 구조적 안정성은 Si/Al비가 클수록 증가하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.396-402
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• 1992

Carbon solid was prepared from dormant mesophase pitch (DMPP) without using a binder and its properties were characterized. DMPP powder was stabilized with air or nitric acid in pretreatment stage so that it might not soften in later heat ttreatment stage. Optimum sintering properties were obtained from carbon powder with 2.36∼2.38 of C/H atomic ratio and 1.27∼1.40 of C/O atomic ration in air stabilization. In nitric acid stabilization, optimum sintering properties were obtained when 20∼40 vol.% of nitric acid solution was used. Compressive strength increased up to 1200$^{\circ}C$ of heat treatment temperature, and the highest compressive strength and bulk density of carbon solid from DMPP were 3000 kgf/㎤, respectively. The optical properties of carbon solid obtained was fine mosaic structure. Carbon solid after graphitization showed the properties of hard carbon due to stabilization and its shore hardness was 120.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 1998

The effects of various catalysts and softners on the anti-crease finish of ramie with glyoxal were investigated. A number of metal salts commonly used as Lewis acid catalysts in DP finishing of cotton with formaldehyde and N-methylol agents were screened for glyoxal treatment of ramie fabric. Various organic and inorganic acids were mixed with Lewis acid catalyst as co-catalysts to improve catalytic activity. As a result, the combination of aluminum sulfate and citric acid was proven highly effective in catalyzing the crosslinking of ramie cellulose by glyoxal under lower curing temperature. With a mixed catalyst, performance properties, such as whiteness and tearing strength as well as wrinkle recovery of treated ramie fabric were improved as compared with that treated with aluminum sulfate alone. Additional improvement of tearing strength and wrinkle recovery was achieved by applying silicons softner in the treatment bath.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2001

Optimal operation in chromatography is needed to save operation time and the solvent used in multiple chromatographic runs. To this end, many simulation studies of chromatography process have been performed. The relationship between the distribution coefficient and the ionic strength is important in gradient elution ion chromatography. Experimental runs and computer simulations were carried out under linear gradient elution condition in order to compare the experiments and the simulation. Experiments were performed with formic acid under isocratic conditions to determine the simulation equation parameters. Computer simulation was based on three equations which related distribution with ionic strength as follows; K=${\alpha}$I(sup)-${\beta}$, K=A+BI+Cl$^2$and K=y(sub)0+A$_1$$.$e(sup)(-I/m$_1$). The effects of gradient slope on the chromatograms are discussed, and good agreement between the experimental and the simulated results is shown.