• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine changes in phenolic compounds of astrigent persimmons before and after softening process and evaluate discoloring properties of major phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds in soft persimmons were mainly composed of catechins and chlorogenic acid. Although contents of phenolic compounds were reduced during the softening process, little change in the ratio of catechins to total phenolic compounds was observed. Most of phenolic compounds in damaged astringents persimmons were existed in the high molecular weight fraction and more phenolic compounds were extracted at the temperature higher than room temperature. To evaluate discoloring abilities of phenolic compounds, phenolic compounds were dissolved separately into water or 80% methanol. With presence of various amounts of anti-discoloring agents such as vitamin C, citric acid, and L-cystein, (+)catechin was significantly reduced.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1998

Volatile flavor compounds in hydrolyzed blue mussel(HBM) produced by OptimaseTM APL-440, with untreated blue mussel(UBM) were compared. A total of 100 volatile compounds were detected in both HBM and YBM , consisting mainly of 25 aldehydes, 16 ketones, 17 alcohols, 8 nitrogen-containing compounds, 11 aromatic compounds, 8 terpenes, and 15 miscellaneous compounds. Levels of aromiatic compounds decreased after hydrolysis, whereas levels of 7 nitrogen-containing compounds increased. The compounds , 3-methylbutanal, (z)-4-heptenal, and (E,Z)-2-, 6-nonadienal , had the highest odor values in both samples. Total free amino acids in HBM were 21.89%(w/w) and increased by 3,4 times higher than UBM. glutamic acid and aspartic acid, having sour tastes, were the major taste-active compounds in HBM.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.320-328
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• 2017

Yongdamsagan-tang has been used to treat the urinary disorders, acute- and chronic-urethritis, and cystitis in Korea. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous analysis of the 20 bioactive marker compounds, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, liquiritin apioside, acteoside, calceolarioside B, liquiritin, nodakenin, baicalin, liquiritigenin, wogonoside, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, wogonin, glycyrrhizin, wogonin, saikosaponin A, decursin, decursinol angelate, alisol B, alisol B acetate, and pachymic acid in traditional herbal formula, Yongdamsagan-tang. Chromatographic separations of all marker compounds were conducted using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) at $45^{\circ}C$ using a mobile phase of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. The MS analysis was performed using a Waters ACQUITY TQD LC-MS/MS coupled with an electrospray ionization source in the positive and negative modes. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and injection volume was $2.0{\mu}L$. The correlation coefficient of 20 marker compounds in the test ranges was 0.9943-1.0000. The limits of detection and quantification values of the all marker components were 0.11-6.66 and 0.34-19.99 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of the analysis using the optimized LC-ESI-MS/MS method, three compounds, geniposidic acid (from Plantaginis Semen), alisol B (from Alismatis Rhizoma), and pachymic acid (from Poria Sclerotium), were not detected in this sample. While the amounts of the 17 compounds except for the geniposidic acid, alisol B, and pachymic acid were $0.04-548.13{\mu}g/g$ in Yongdamsagan-tang sample. Among these compounds, baicalin, bioactive marker compound of Scutellariae Radix, was detected at the highest amount as a $548.13{\mu}g/g$.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2007

The radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts of seaweeds and their active compounds, alginic acid, fucoidan and phloroglucinol, were investigated under in vitro. Among methanol extracts of seaweeds (sea mustard, sea tangle, seaweed papulosa, fusiforme, sea lettuce, purple laver and chlorella), seaweed papulosa and sea tangle showed strong scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$). In addition, under in vitro, the scavenging activities on DPPH radical of alginic acid and fucoidan, which are active compounds of brown algae, and phloroglucinol, the active compound from Ecklonia species, were evaluated and compared. Fucoidan and phloroglucinol showed strong DPPH scavenging effect, in particular, phloroglucinol had strongest activity among the active compounds. On the other hand, alginic acid did not exert DPPH scavenging activity. From the present study, we could confirm the antioxidative activity of seaweeds and its active compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2011

The Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent has been extensively used for quantifying total phenolic contents in many different types of food materials. Since several different procedures of the assay methods using the F-C reagent have been applied, we investigated changes in reactivity of various phenolic compounds with the F-C reagent under three different assay conditions and factors affecting reactivity. Among 10 standard compounds tested, compounds with high hydroxyl density (number of -OH/molecular weight) showed a largely different response according to addition sequence of the F-C reagent or $Na_2CO_3$. Preincubation in $Na_2CO_3$ significantly reduced the reactivity of the phenolic compounds bearing galloyl moiety (e.g. gallic acid, tannic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate) with the F-C reagent, while monophenol compounds including ferulic acid and sinapinic acid were more stable as compared to diphenols. There was little change in response to the F-C reagent of all phenolic compounds incubated in acidic pH; their reactivity except ferulic acid was reduced significantly when incubated in neutral or alkaline pH. Changes in reactivity of gallic acid incubated in $Na_2CO_3$ or neutral/alkaline pH conditions were the most prominent. $H_2O_2$ generated from phenolic compounds did not affect the reaction with the F-C reagents. The present results suggest that reactivity of different phenolic compounds with F-C reagent was affected considerably by different procedures of the assay, and the total phenolic contents could be fluctuated according to standard compounds and assay scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.557-565
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• 1992

Volatile components of domestic Meju and Doenjang were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation extraction, and analyzed by GC-MS. Sixty-four kinds of compounds were identified from neutral fraction. The contents of pentanal, hexanal and 1-octen-3-ol were high in cooked soybean while those of 3-methylbutanal and 1-butanol were high in Meju. In the case of Doenjang, so many compounds including acetic acid, ethylester were identified which was not appeared in Meju. The main compounds in Meju were 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, benzeneacetaldehyde, methyloctadecadienoate and methyloctadecenoate. Of the eleven compounds identified from basic fraction, the contents of 2,6-dime-thylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine were high in Meju and Doenjang. Nine kinds of compounds were identified from phenolic fraction and appeared that 4-vinylphenol and p-ethylguaiacol were major compounds in Meju and Doenjang. Fifteen kinds of volatile compounds were contained in acidic fraction. Only four acidic compounds were identified in cooked soybean and Meju, but in Doenjang ten compounds were identified which did not appeared in other samples. Among them pentadecanoic acid was major compound.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.125-130
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• 2001

The allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from Trifolium repens were studied. Aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, roots and flowers of T. repens strongly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of Zoysia japonica. In general, the higher concentration of the extracts showed the more great inhibition effect. The phenolic compounds extracted from T repens were analysed and identified using gas chromatography. 14 phenolic compounds were isolated from the leaves, stems, roots and flowers: caffeic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, 2,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid, syringic acid, 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phloroglucinol and phanylacetic acid. The seed germination and relative growth ratio of Z. japonica by 14 phenolic compounds were inhibited in whole treatment. Stronger growth inhibitor were benzoic acid, salicylic acid and trans-cinnamic acid. From these results it is suggested that the phenolic compounds from T. repens seemed to be responsible for the allelopathic potential.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2016

Enhanced production of individual phenolic compounds by subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) of pumpkin leaves was investigated at various temperatures ranging from 100 to $220^{\circ}C$ at 20 min and at various reaction times ranging from 10 to 50 min at $160^{\circ}C$. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gentisic acid were the major phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate of pumpkin leaves. All phenolic compounds except gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $160^{\circ}C$, but gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $180^{\circ}C$. The cumulative amount of individual phenolic compounds gradually increased by 48.1, 52.2, and $78.4{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, and $140^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then greatly increased by $1,477.1{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $160^{\circ}C$. The yields of caffeic acid and ferulic acid showed peaks at 20 min, while those of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and procatechuic acid showed peaks at 30 min. Antioxidant activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power values gradually increased with hydrolysis temperature and ranged from 6.77 to 12.42 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g dry matter and from 4.25 to 8.92 mmol $Fe^{2+}$/100 g dry matter, respectively. Color $L^*$ and $b^*$ values gradually decreased as hydrolysis temperature increased from $100^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$. At high temperatures ($160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$), L* and b* values decreased suddenly. The $a^*$ value peaked at $160^{\circ}C$ and then decreased as temperature increased from $160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that SWH of pumpkin leaves was strongly influenced by hydrolysis temperature and may enhanced the production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2007

xBrassicoraphanus is an intergenic breed crossed between Brassica campetris L. ssp. pekinensis and Raphanus sativus L. that have been daily consumed. xBrassicoraphanus was known to have good tastes and biological activities. Nevertheless, its constituetnts were not elucidated yet. Thus, in the present study, to indirectly evaluate the biological activity of xBrassicoraphanus, 12 compounds were isolated from leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus. On the basis of spectroscopic evidences, the structures of these compounds isolated from leaves of xBrassicoraphanus. were identified as ${\beta}-sitosterol$, indole-3-acetonitrile, ferulic acid, methyl ferulate, linolenic acid methyl ester, linolenic acid and coniferyl alcohol, while the chemical structures of compounds isolated from the roots of were xBrassicoraphanus were characterized as ${\beta}-sitosterol$, indole-3-acetonitrile, ferulic acid, methyl ferulate, linolenic acid methyl ester, 1-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, goitrin, 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, palmitic acid and daucosterol. These can be classified as three steroids, two indole cyanides, two cinnamic acid derivatives, one cinnamyl alcohol derivative, three fatty acid derivatives one isothiocyanate. These results suggest that the compounds isolated from xBrassicoraphanus were almost identical with known components of Brassica campetris L. ssp pekinensis or Raphanus sativus L. However, it is necessary to investigate more about the difference of amounts of constituents according to harvest time and variant species amounts.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4019-4023
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• 2016

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) or bowel cancer is one of the most important cancer diseases, needing serious attention. The cell surface receptor gene human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may have an important role in provoking CRC. In this pharmaceutical era, it is always attempted to identify plant-based drugs for cancer, which will have less side effects for human body, unlike the chemically synthesized marketed drugs having serious side effects. So, in this study the authors tried to assess the activity of two important plant compounds, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA), on CRC. Materials and Methods: FA and pCA were tested for their cytotoxic effects on the human CRC cell line HCT 15 and also checked for the level of gene expression of EGFR by real time PCR analysis. Positive results were confirmed by in silico molecular docking studies using Discovery Studio (DS) 4.0. The drug parallel features of the same compounds were also assessed in silico. Results: Cytotoxicity experiments revealed that both the compounds were efficient in killing CRC cells on a controlled concentration basis. In addition, EGFR expression was down-regulated in the presence of the compounds. Docking studies unveiled that both the compounds were able to inhibit EGFR at its active site. Pharmacokinetic analysis of these compounds opened up their drug like behaviour. Conclusions: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of plant compounds for targeting diseases like CRC.