• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1594-1598
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various acidic treatment for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean. Extracts were prepared with 80% methanol solutions containing HCl, acetic, formic, phosphoric, and citric acids of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%). Total anthocyanin content ranged from 0.74 mg/g in 0.7% citric acid to 1.74 mg/g in 0.3% HCl, depending on acid type and concentration. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G). The highest C3G content was 1.12 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Proanthocyanidin content ranged from 2.01 mg/g in 0.5% acetic acid to 5.29 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Thus, acidic condition is a significant factor affecting anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined as 80% methanol containing 0.3% HCl.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1055-1062
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• 2012

Two SNPs, i.e. L127V and T172M, of bovine growth hormone (GH) causing the presence of GH gene haplotypes A, B, and C was previously shown to alter intramuscular fatty acid (FA) composition in Japanese Black (JB) heifers. To determine the SNP effect on somatotropic hormone concentration and lipogenesis, we measured plasma GH, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations. We also measured mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD), and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1 (SREBP-1) and FA composition in diaphragm tissues. Heifers with genotype CC had the lowest plasma insulin concentration and FASN and SCD mRNA levels among genotypes. FASN mRNA levels in haplotype A tended to positively correlate with saturated FA (SFA) content and negatively correlated with C18:2 and unsaturated FA (USFA) contents. SCD mRNA levels in haplotype A positively correlated with monounsaturated FA (MUFA) contents and negatively correlated with C18:0 content. They also tended to positively correlate with C16:1, C18:1, and USFA contents and USFA/SFA ratio and negatively correlate with SFA content. Taken together, GH gene polymorphism affects the lipogenic genes expression levels and their relationships with fatty acid compositions in diaphragm tissues of JB heifers at 31 months of age.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1987

The effects of procedures for preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography were investigated. A quantitative comparison of four procedures for the preparation of the fatty acid methyl esters from Korean sesame seed lipids which can be representative of fatty acid ranges of Korean vegetable oils has been made. The procedures employed were $BF_3$-methanol, HCI-methanol, sodium methoxide-methanol, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol. Twelve fatty acids ranged from 14:0 to 24:0 were identified in the lipids from Korean white and black sesame seeds. All four procedures gave similar results for the fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 present in the range of $1{\sim}44%$ but only in the HCI-methanol procedure, the fatty acids, 16:1, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0 present in the range of $0.02{\sim}1%$ showed the lowest values. When using tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedure for determination of total fatty acid composition from white and black sesame seed lipids, unsaponifiable matters including sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin present in the seed lipids are not removed from the resulting reaction mixture. Thus the transesterification mixture is used without further treatment for injection into the gas chromatography. However, the gas chromatographic analysis of the transesterification mixture showed that the unsaponifiable matters had no effect on the fatty acid composition of the seed lipids. From the results, it appears that the $BF_3$-methanol, sodium methoxide-methanol and tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedures can be used to prepare fatty acid methyl esters from Korean vegetable oils. Among the methods, the tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedure, which give total fatty acid composition, glyceride fatty acid composition and composition of free fatty acids present, appears to be a simple, convenient and quantitative procedure and applicable to samples containing broad ranges of fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.558-563
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• 2011

In the course of our investigation for chemical constituents in the ethyl acetate layer of Korean black raspberry wine, five compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated compounds were identified as ethyl succinate (1), vanillic acid (2), ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3), furan-2-ol (4), and 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2(S)-ol (5) based on the spectroscopic data of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The presence of 2 in Korean black raspberry has previously reported. However, 1 and 3-5 in Korean black raspberry and its wine were isolated for the first time.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2022

The present study investigates the effects of different inclusion levels of a microwave-dried black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (HILM) on the carcass characteristics, breast meat quality, and fatty acid profiles of leg meat in broiler chickens. A total of 150 male broilers were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups (10 replicates·treatment^-1 and 5 birds·replicate^-1). HILM was included at increasing levels (0, 2, and 4%; CON, 2HILM, and 4HILM, respectively) in diets formulated for three feeding phases: starter (1 - 7 d), grower (7 - 21 d), and finisher (21 - 35 d). One bird per replicate was slaughtered at d 35; the carcasses and organs were weighed, and breast and leg meats were excised for a meat analysis. A linear decrease (p < 0.01) was observed for live and carcass weights for the whole period of the experiment, with no difference between the CON and 2HILM groups. Broilers fed HILM showed no significant differences in meat quality parameters, except for an increase in yellowness (b^*) in the 2HILM and 4HILM groups compared to the CON group (p < 0.01). With an increase in the HILM inclusion level, the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as lauric, myristic, stearic, arachidic, and heneicosylic acids showed a linear increase (p < 0.01); however, total SFA, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid did not differ among the dietary treatments. Thus, microwave-dried HILM can be considered as a possible alternative ingredient to soybean meal in broiler diets up to a 2% inclusion level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 1997

To elucidate food value and medicinal effect of sea cucumbers, sugar composition of those gly-coprotein and chondroitin sulfate was studied. The contents of sulfate esters in sea cucumbers were 1.21%(blue), 0.90%(red) and 1.19%(black). Predominant carbohydrates were identified as fucose, glucose, D-mannuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, and those amount was more than 80% to total carbo-hydrate, while the minor sugar composition was ribose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Also, the major carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins of sea cucumbers was revealed as fucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and ribose, and those amount was more than 86% to total carbohydrate. Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, D-glucuronic acid and mannuronic acid were minor carbohydrate moiety. The contents of sulfate esters in glycoproteins were 0.96% for blue sea cucumber, 1.15% for red sea cucumber and 1.13% for black sea cucumber, while those in chondroitin sulfates were 3.52%(blue), 3.60%(red) and 3.72%(black). The carbohydrate moiety of chondroitin sulfate was identified as N-acetylgalactosamine (73~ 87%), fucose (7~15%) and D-glucuronic acid(5~12%). As the base on the IR spectrum of strong absorption appeared in 1240$cm^{-1}$ / for stretching vibrations in S=0 group and weak absorptions in 850$cm^{-1}$ / and 820$cm^{-1}$ /for stretching vibrations in C-0-S group, chondroitin sulfates had sulfate group which was bound to $C_4$in fucose.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2015

We investigated the reduction leaching process of manganese dioxide ore using black locust as reductant in sulfuric acid solution. The effect of parameters on the leaching efficiency of manganese was the primary focus. Experimental results indicate that manganese leaching efficiency of 97.57% was achieved under the optimal conditions: weight ratio of black locust to manganese dioxide ore (WT) of 4:10, ore particle size of $63{\mu}m$, $1.7mol{\cdot}L^{-1}\;H_2SO_4$, liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 5:1, leaching time of 8 h, leaching temperature of 368 K and agitation rate of $400r{\cdot}min^{-1}$. The leaching rate of manganese, based on the shrinking core model, was found to be controlled by inner diffusion through the ash/inert layer composed of associated minerals. The activation energy of reductive leaching is $17.81kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$. To conclude the reaction mechanism, XRD analysis of leached ore residue indicates manganese compounds disappear; FTIR characterization of leached residue of black locust sawdust shows hemicellulose and cellulose disappear after the leaching process.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2003

In this study, as preliminary research for the development of natural estrogen supplement the chemical properties of Iranian black pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were evaluated. Proximate compositions of pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were as follows; crude lipid 0.4% and 8.2%, moisture 39.9% and 6.6%, crude protein 0.9% and 12.2%, ash 1.4% and 1.7%, and carbohydrate 42.0% and 84.5% respectively. Major amino acids are glutamic acid (1310.0ppm) and aspartic acid (896.2ppm) in juice concentrate, and glycine (611.1ppm) and arginin (401.6ppm) in seeds. Ascorbic acid has the highest concentration of 20.0mg/l00g in juice concentrate and 0.23mg/l00 in seeds. The compositions of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were higher than those of saturated fatty acids such as stearic palmitic acid. Major minerals were potassium, calcium and sodium, potassium was highest in both juice concentrate and seeds. Vitamins were composed of ascorbic acid (20.0mg/l00g), vitamin B$_1$(0.12mg/100g) and niacin (0.80mg/l00g) in juice concentrate, and only ascorbic acid(0.23mg/l00g) in seeds. Organic acids such as citric and L-malic acid were detected only in pomegranate juice concentrate. The contents of total polyphenols were 4.55g/L in juice concentrate and 3.5mg/l00g in seeds, respectively. Phytoestrogens detected in pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were daidzein, quercetin, genistein and 17 $\beta$-estradiol.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.206-213
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• 2017

BACKGROUN/OBJECTIVES: Although studies have revealed that black garlic is a potent antioxidant, its antioxidant mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine black garlic's antioxidant activities and possible antioxidant mechanisms related to nuclear factor erythroid 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2)-Keap1 complex. METHODS/MATERIALS: After four weeks of feeding rats with a normal fat diet (NF), a high-fat diet (HF), a high-fat diet with 0.5% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 0.5), a high-fat diet with 1.0% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 1.0), or a high-fat diet with 1.5% black garlic extract (HF+BGE 1.5), plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin,homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. As oxidative stress indices, plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ (8-iso-PGF) were determined. To measure antioxidant capacities, plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and liver were determined. The mRNA expression levels of antioxidant related proteins such as Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinone-oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase alpha 2 (GSTA2) were examined. RESULTS: Plasma glucose level, plasma insulin level, and HOMA-IR in black garlic supplemented groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in the HF group without dose-dependent effect. Plasma TBARS concentration and TAC in the HF+BGE 1.5 group were significantly decreased compared to those of the HF group. The activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the HF+BGE 1.0 and HF+BGE 1.5 groups compared to those of the HF group. The mRNA expression levels of hepatic Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and GSTA2 were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the HF with BGE groups compared to those in the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: The improvements of blood glucose homeostasis and antioxidant systems in rats fed with black garlic extract were related to mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 related genes.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2009

The black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii neutrophil cytosolic factor components p47 phox (phagocyte oxidase) cDNA was cloned. The sequence of the cDNA showed that rockfish p47 phox cDNA consisted of 1,952 bp contained open reading frame encoding predicted polypeptide of 420 amino acids. Additionally analysis of the p47 phox amino acid sequence showed two potential SH3 domains. The functional domains are highly conserved in many animals, though the sequence of the components of the black rockfish showed low homology with that of mammals. The deduced amino acid sequence of the black rockfish p47 phox was similar to those of the carp (60.4%), zebrafish (59,2%), rainbow trout (68.5%), xenopus (55.2%), mouse (54.2%), rabbit (54.5%), rat (53.7%), and chicken (50.9%). The expression of the rockfish p47 phox molecule was induced in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 1 to 12 h following LPS stimulation, with a peak at 6 h after the stimulation, and which increased at 1, 3, and 12 h after treated with Poly I:C compared with the control. The rockfish p47 phox gene was expressed in various tissues of healthy fish. The level of p47 phox expression was high in the PBLs, kidney and spleen.