• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.306-324
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze green growth issues such as employment, education and training, social capital and nature's standing right from the complementary perspective between natural environment conservation and economic growth. Green growth can be defined as a growth which lowers an increasing rate of entropy and at the same time improves our living standard. Green growth paradigm requires a quite amount of understanding the laws of thermodynamics and the uncertainty principle as the highest orders which regulate our overall socio-economic behaviors. They suggest that socio-economic growth is a mere transformation process of natural energy from one form to another and they increases natural manmade entropy over time. The most important issue of green growth policy may be a problem concerning employment and/or unemployment since green growth may induce inevitable movement of resources from the existing industries to the green sector. In particular, green industries will demand more highly specialized manpower than the existing ones. Without a well-designed new training education system and social capital accumulation toward environmental concerns, green growth may accompany a substantial amount of structural involuntary frictional unemployment. This may increase not only wealth-distribution disparity but also political instability. In order to achieve harmonious green growth, we should recognize that there are important complementary relationships between green and growth. Our society should also be able to innovate the existing educational system to accumulate social capital, to create a new sharing system, and to admit nature's standing right. Although the 2003 lawsuit case of Korean Salamander in Cheonseong Mountain went against plaintiff, it would provide apparently our society with a way of green development ahead.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.122-127
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• 2010

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between tooth loss and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subjects were part of a cohort study conducted in Ansan city by the Korea University medical school as part of the Korean Genome project. 749 subjects over than 40 years old were evaluated. After taking panoramic radiography, the amount of tooth loss was calculated. The intima-media thickness (IMT) was assessed by using ultrasonography at the common carotid artery. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerosis were also evaluated. The relationship between tooth loss and the IMT was evaluated using ANOVA with Scheffe's multiple comparison method in univariate analysis. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to determine the significance between the IMT and tooth loss. RESULTS. With age, tooth loss increased, but there was no significant increase in other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Univariate analysis revealed the IMT to be positively related with the amount of tooth loss. Regression analysis of the IMT in the anterior and posterior tooth loss revealed that only the posterior tooth loss was significantly related with the IMT at all sites of the common carotid artery (right far wall, P = .015; left far wall, P = .008; right near wall, P < .001; left near wall, P = .001). CONCLUSION. This study verified the positive relationship between the increased tooth loss at the posterior area and the accumulation of atheroma in arteries.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.329-339
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• 2011

This study aims at investigating how English proficiency affects economic development of a country by analyzing the relationships among English proficiency, economic activities (amount of trade, R&D investment, etc), and the rate of economic growth, focusing on twenty-one non-English-speaking OECD countries. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) were used for the data analysis in the study. The findings reveals that there existed little statistical significance to support the fact that English proficiency was directly related to the economic development in a positive way in many countries except Mexico, the Czech Republic, Finland, and Poland. However, English proficiency indirectly influenced the economic development in the way of increasing the amount of trade. These results can lead to the conclusion that English proficiency is not a sufficient element but a necessary one. Furthermore, it is expected that English proficiency can positively affect the economic development when it plays a part as sufficient complementary goods which make up for physical capital, technology accumulation, political stability, and worthy government.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 2014

Recently, more attention has been paid to the geomorphological changes in the Nakdong River Estuary, because those changes are caused by artificial activities including weirs, reclamation and construction. In order to analyze quantitatively the recent geomorphological variability in the Nakdong River Estuary, we surveyed the depth and elevation of submarine topography near Jinwoodo and Sinjado from March 2007 to February 2012. A statistical method (based on Digital Shoreline Analysis System) and an Empirical Orthogonal Functions method were used to evaluate the morphological changes. According to the statistical variables (DCE, NDC, EPR, LRR), the highest amount and rate of accumulation were recorded around the Gadeokdo whereas the greatest amount of erosion appeared around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado. In particular, a dynamic variation of morphology was clearly observed in the vicinity of the sub-tidal channel located between Jinwoodo and Sinjado, which seems to be attributable to channel migration. As a result of the EOF method, the first mode (48.7%) is most closely related to the pattern of morphological variability that might be associated with the westerly movement of sediment by longshore current. The spatial variability of the second mode (16.6%) was high in the shoreface of Sinjado, showing a 4-year periodicity of temporal variability. The strong correlation (coefficient 0.73) between the time coefficient and suspended sediment discharge from Nakdong River emphasizes the role of sediment discharge to deposition in this area. The spatial variability of the third mode (11.3%) was distributed mainly around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado, which is related to the movement of the coastline of Sinjado. Based on the last 5 year's data, our results suggest that the study area is characterized on the whole by a depositional pattern, but the extent of sedimentation is different locally.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.847-853
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• 1999

A Pseudomonas sp. strain that is capable of utilizing dicarboxylic acids as a sole carbon source was isolated from activated sludge by using the enrichment culture technique. This organism accumulated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with an unusual pattern of monomer units that depends on the carbon sources used. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) homopolyester was synthesized from glucose or small $C_{-even}$ alkanoic acids, such as butyric acid and hexanoic acid. Accumulation of PHB homopolyester was also observed in the cells grown on $C_{-odd}$ dicarboxylic acids, such as heptanedioic acid and nonanedioic acid as the sole carbon sources. In contrast, a copolyester consisting of 6 mol% 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 94 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) was produced with a PHA content of as much as 36% of the cellular dry matter. This strain produced PHAs consisting both of the short-chain-length (SCL) and the medium-chain-length (MCL) 3-hydroxyacid units when heptanoic acid to undecanoic acid were fed as the sole carbon sources. Most interestingly, polyester consisting of significant amount of relevant fractions, 3HB, 3HV, and 3-hydroxyheptanoate (3HHp), was accumulated from heptanoic acid. According to solvent fractionation experiments, the polymer produced from heptanoic acid was a blend of poly(3HHp) and of a copolyester of 3HB, 3HV, and 3HHp units. The hexane soluble fractions contained only 3HHp units while the hexane-insoluble fractions contained 3HB and 3HV units with a small amount of 3HHp unit. The copolyester was an elastomer with unusual mechanical properties. The maximum elongation ratio of the copolyester was 460% with an ultimate strength of 10 MPa, which was very different from those of poly(3HB-co-3HV) copolyesters having similar compositions produced from other microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2006

Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) has been used as feed additives in poultry industries to improve production and control coccidiosis. The effect of high dietary levels of Roxarsone (ROX) on the performance and function of internal organs and the kinetics of recovery as well as its after-effects were examined in laying hens. The inclusion rates of ROX were 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg per kg feed. Inclusion up to 200 mg did not show any adverse effects (p>0.05), whereas in the 300 and 400 mg groups, significant effects, particularly in the latter, were observed for three weeks after ROX addition (p<0.05). Recovery of the physical appearance occurred soon after ROX addition was withdrawn. Recovery of performance and internal organs, however, appeared to be dependent on the amount of residual ROX in the body; as the amount of ROX decreased, the toxic effect of ROX also decreased. In the third week after the withdrawal of ROX, complete recovery was observed in the lower dosage groups (100 or 200 mg groups) (p>0.05), whereas in the higher dosage groups (300 or 400 mg groups), recovery took at least five weeks; when complete recovery was observed in egg production and in liver weight (p>0.05). On the other hand, ROX might have damaged the liver and other tissues. The recovery of liver weight was probably due to accumulation of fatty particles rather than repair. It appeared, therefore, there were little after-effects of ROX on the hen's physical appearance, but some internal organs were probably damaged.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1692-1700
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• 2017

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt in a wide variety of host plant species and produces a melanin-like blackish-brown pigment in stationary phase when grown in minimal medium supplemented with tyrosine. To study melanin production regulation in R. solanacearum, five mutants exhibiting overproduction of melanin-like pigments were selected from a transposon (Tn) insertion mutant library of R. solanacearum SL341. Most of the mutants, except one (SL341T), were not complemented by the original gene or overproduced melanins. SL341T showed Tn insertion in a gene containing a conserved domain of eukaryotic transcription factor. The gene was annotated as a hypothetical protein, given its weak similarity to any known proteins. Upon complementation with its original gene, the mutant strains reverted to their wild-type phenotype. SL341T produced 3-folds more melanin at 72 h post-incubation compared with wild-type SL341 when grown in minimal medium supplemented with tyrosine. The chemical analysis of SL341T cultural filtrate revealed the accumulation of a higher amount of homogentisate, a major precursor of pyomelanin, and a lower amount of dihydroxyphenylalanine, an intermediate of eumelanin, compared with SL341. The expression study showed a relatively higher expression of hppD (encoding hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) and lower expression of hmgA (encoding homogentisate dioxygenase) and nagL (encoding maleylacetoacetate isomerase) in SL341T than in SL341. SL341 showed a significantly higher expression of tyrosinase gene compared with SL341T at 48 h post-incubation. These results indicated that R. solanacearum produced both pyomelanin and eumelanin, and the novel hypothetical protein is involved in the negative regulation of melanin production.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2007

The astronomical understanding of the heavens in "Hwangje-Naegyeong" can be divided into three main fields: the theory of cosmos, astronomy and calender. "Hwangie-Naegyeong" comprised the theory of cosmos, astronomy and calender established in the Han period. Astronomy was to describe the heavenly world and to interpret its phenomena. Calendar was to make numerical representations of the observations of all kinds of celestial bodies and to give them number-mystical meanings. Theory of cosmos treated what ancient Chinese speculated on the structure of the heavens including the earth. These three fields developed independently. However, they can also be be combined into one tradition, the astronomical knowledge. In the Han period that the astronomical knowledge grew from the mere accumulation of primitive knowledge to the established form. Throughout the Chinese history, the essential contents of astronomical knowledge including the theory of calendar, did not change much from what they were in Han period. "Hwangje-Naegyeong" use the lunisolar calendar(太陰太陽曆) and the Calendar in the late Han period(後漢四分曆). The use of the subdivisions of the seasons(24節氣) and the leap month(閏月) in "Hwangje-Naegyeong" means that it adopted the lunisolar calendar. Also "Hwangje-Naegyeong" adopted the Calendar in the late Han period by the four points: "Hwangje-Naegveong" ruled the circulation of the universe(周天度數) at 365, 1/4 terms, use the The Twenty Eight Constellations in astronomical observation, view the heavenly body by the ecliptic(黃道) and mark down year by the Heavenly Streams & Earthly Branches(干支紀年), The 24 solar terms is made by amount of Yang-Gi(陽氣) and samyum and samyang(三陰三陽) represent the amount of Yang-Gi in the earth.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.260-267
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• 2021

Background: Elastic ear cartilage is a good source of tissue for support or augmentation in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, the amount of ear cartilage is limited and excessive use of cartilage can cause deformation of the auricular framework. This animal study investigated the potential of periosteal chondrogenesis in an ear cartilage defect model. Methods: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were used in the present study. Four ear cartilage defects were created in both ears of each rabbit, between the central artery and marginal veins. The defects were covered with perichondrium (group 1), periosteum taken from the calvarium (group 2), or periosteum taken from the tibia (group 3). No coverage was performed in a control group (group 4). All animals were sacrificed 6 weeks later, and the ratio of neo-cartilage to defect size was measured. Results: Significant chondrogenesis occurred only in group 1 (cartilage regeneration ratio: mean±standard deviation, 0.97±0.60), whereas the cartilage regeneration ratio was substantially lower in group 2 (0.10±0.11), group 3 (0.08±0.09), and group 4 (0.08±0.14) (p= 0.004). Instead of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis was observed in the periosteal graft groups. No statistically significant differences were found in the amount of osteogenesis or chondrogenesis between groups 2 and 3. Group 4 showed fibrous tissue accumulation in the defect area. Conclusion: Periosteal grafts showed weak chondrogenic potential in an ear cartilage defect model of rabbits; instead, they exhibited osteogenesis, irrespective of their embryological origin.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 2020

The amount of food waste generated in Republic of Korea has been increasing alongside an increasing population and booming economy as such, research on effective treatment and recycling is required. Food waste recycling is complicated by its inferior characteristics such as high levels of water and concern that its continuous application to farmland can lead to salt accumulation and concomitant damage crops. In the present study, therefore, dehydrated food waste powder (FWP), which contains a large amount of organic matter and nutrients, but which may require additional improvements was mixed in various ratios with organic fertilizers and the mixtures were tested for their effects on the growth of the leaf lettuce. A control was set up with inorganic fertilizers alone while a treatment with only FWP was also included. The mixture of FWP and organic fertilizers produced better leaf lettuce growth in all the treatments than the control and FWP. The fresh weight of the leaf lettuce produced with a mixture containing 60% FWP was 50% higher than that of the control. The results from this study indicate, therefore, that FWP mixed with other organic supplements in appropriate amounts positively impacts crop growth and development.