• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.642-651
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• 2013

This study sought to evaluate the daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose for individuals in Korea with average and high levels of consumption of both these substances. The estimated daily intake of both sweeteners was determined from analytical data and dietary intake data collected as part of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Analysis of the data showed that sodium saccharin was found in 53 (15.6%) of 339 processed foods analyzed, whereas sucralose was found in 141 (23.9%) of 590 processed foods analyzed. The average intake of sodium saccharin was 1.18% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) defined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The average intake of sucralose was 0.55% of ADI. The 95th percentile intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose were 5.29% and 15.66% of ADI, respectively. Children 6 years old and younger consumed more sodium saccharin and sucralose than did children from any of the other age groups tested. In conclusion, the average daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose within members of the Korean population fall within safe levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.766-772
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetate), and erythorbic acid for average consumers by age group and the intake of high consumers ($95^{th}$ percentile) in Korea. The average intake of EDTA was $1.14{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and 0.0% of the ADI (acceptable daily intake) established by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of EDTA was $141.24{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ (5.6% of ADI). The average intake of erythorbic acid was $16.93{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and the 3-6 year-old group had the highest consumption ($58.43{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$), which was <1.0% of the ADI established by the EU (European Union). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of erythorbic acid was $1,320.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ and 22.0% of the ADI. In conclusion, daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA, and erythorbic acid in Korea were at safe levels in all age groups and also in high consumers.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.219-225
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• 2001

The basic structure for assessment of potential health risks from environmental chemicals is widely agreed upon, but many of the details of risk assessment procedures differ among practitioners. Government regulatory agencies typically have guidelines or standard procedures for their risk assessments, established to ensure consistency and comparability, to set standards for adequacy, and to embody underlying tenets. In setting and updating such guidelines, each agency takes into account not only the prevailing thinking about appropriate procedures, but also its own goals and responsibilities and the precedents it has set for itself in past analyses. This results in variations in methods, and consequently in characterization of risks, among regulatory assessments, even when they are based on the same data. As a result, adopting existing assessments from a variety of regulatory bodies needs to be done with caution. This paper examines some of the variants in risk assessment approaches among American federal regulatory agencies and relates them to the variations in regulatory responsibilities of those groups. Comparisons to international practices are also drawn. The impact on development of world-wide risk standards is discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.550-560
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• 2012

Objectives: QSAR methodology was applied to explain two different sets of acceptable daily intake (ADI) data of 74 pesticides proposed by both the USEPA and WHO in terms of setting guidelines for food and drinking water. Methods: A subset of calculated descriptors was selected from Dragon$^{(R)}$ software. QSARs were then developed utilizing a statistical technique, genetic algorithm-multiple linear regression (GA-MLR). The differences in each specific model in the prediction of the ADI of the pesticides were discussed. Results: The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a statistically significant QSAR model with five descriptors. Resultant QSAR models were robust, showing good utility across multiple classes of pesticide compounds. The applicability domain was also defined. The proposed models were robust and satisfactory. Conclusions: The QSAR model could be a feasible and effective tool for predicting ADI and for the comparison of logADIEPA to logADIWHO. The statistical results agree with the fact that USEPA focuses on more subtle endpoints than does WHO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.690-697
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• 2006

This study has been carried out to estimate mean concentration and the daily intake of 2 artificial sweeteners (aspartame and sucralose) by analyzing food samples. Total number of samples was 755 and the number of samples detected for sweeteners was 33 (detection rate was 4.4%). Contribution rate to total estimated daily intake (%) of artificial sweeteners in food categories was high in candy for aspartame and sucralose. Total Estimated Daily Intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ for different age groups were high in $13{\sim}19$ years old for aspartame and $7{\sim}12$ years old for sucralose. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of men and women were 5.10 mg/person/day and 4.88 mg/person/day, respectively. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of artificial sweeteners were shown as follows; 3.75 mg/person/day for aspartame and 1.27 mg/person/day for sucralose, respectively and assuming a body weight of 55 kg. These values were ranged from $0.15{\sim}0.17%$ of acceptable daily intake (ADI) evaluated by FAO/WHO and $1.0{\sim}21.4%$ of theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI), and therefore, judged to be safe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2020

This study was conducted to monitor the residual pesticides on red pepper powder produced in five regions, which are the major producers of red pepper in Korea, such as Ham-pyeong, An-dong, Yeong-yang, Yeong-gwang, and Cheongyang from 2015 to 2016. Residual pesticides were detected on all samples. Among the 286 pesticides tested, 58 pesticides were detected, with the most frequently detected being chlorfenapyr (93.7%). Twelve types of pesticides (chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, pyraclostrobin, cyhalothrin, tebuconazole, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, lufenuron, azoxystrobin, and indoxacarb) were detected in all regions, and 14 types of pesticides were used only in certain regions. An analysis of the residual pesticides showed that none of the pesticides detected exceeded the MRL (Maximum Residue Limits). The Positive List System (PLS) requirements were applied to eight pesticides that had no set MRLs. 0.01 mg/kg (PLS requirements) was exceeded in 12 cases. A comparison of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticides with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to access their risk revealed %ADI values of 0.001-0.756. Carbofuran showed the highest (0.756%), but most pesticides were below 1%. The results show that residual pesticides in red pepper powder are at safe levels.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2023

Persistence and degradation patterns of acequinocyl and its metabolite, hydroxyl-acequinocyl (acequinocyl-OH) and fenpyroximate in butterburs (Petasites japonicus Max.) were investigated after pesticide application. Butterburs, one of the minor crops in South Korea, was planted in two plots (plot A for double and plot B for single application) in a greenhouse. Butterburs samples were also planted in a separate plot without pesticide treatment, as the control. A commercial pesticide containing acequinocyl and fenpyroximate was applied to the foliage of butterburs at hourly intervals after dilution. Recoveries of acequinocyl and acequinocyl-OH were 78.6-84.7% and 83.7-95.5%, respectively; the relative standard deviation of the two compounds were less than 5%. The method limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. The total (Ʃ) acequinocyl residues in butterburs reduced by 96.0% at 14 days and 75.9% at 7 days, in plot A and B, respectively, after final pesticide applications. The biological half-life (DT₅₀) of Ʃ acequinocyl and fenpyroximate, calculated using the dissipation rate, was 3.0 days and 4.0 days, respectively. These data were used to set up maximum residue and safe standard levels when the pesticides are applied to control pests during butterbur cultivation. Risk assessment results showed that the maximum % acceptable daily intake was 7.74% for Ʃ acequinocyl and 0.16% for Ʃ fenpyroximate. The theoretical maximum daily intake of Ʃ acequinocyl and fenpyroximate was 26.3% and 35.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the concentrations of Ʃ acequinocyl and fenpyroximate in butterburs pose no significant health risks to Koreans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1445-1454
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• 2010

Two separate animal trials were conducted to evaluate the coincidence of dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) predicted by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and observed actually in crossbred growing bulls kept in a traditionally confined feeding system in China. In Trial 1, 45 growing Simmental${\times}$Mongolia crossbred F1 bulls were assigned to three treatments (T1-3) with 15 animals in each treatment. Trial 2 was conducted with 60 Limousin${\times}$Fuzhou crossbred F2 bulls allocated to 4 treatments (t1-4). All of the animals were confined in individual stalls. DMI and ADG for each bull were measured as a mean of each treatment. All of the data about animals, environment, management and feeds required by the CNCPS model were collected, and model predictions were generated for animals on each treatment. Subsequently, model-predicted DMI and ADG were compared with the actually recorded results. In the three treatments in Trial 1, 93.3, 80.0 and 73.3% of points fell within the range from -0.4 to 0.4 kg/d for DMI mean bias; similarly, in the four treatments in Trial 2, about 86.7, 73.3, 73.3 and 80.0% of points fell within the same range. These results indicate that the CNCPS model can accurately predict DMI of crossbred bulls in the traditionally confined feeding system in China. There were no significant differences between predicted and observed ADG for T1 (p = 0.06) and T2 (p = 0.09) in Trial 1, and for t1 (p = 0.07), t2 (p = 0.14) and t4 (p = 0.83) in Trial 2. However, significant differences between predicted and observed ADG values were observed for T3 in Trial 1 (p<0.01) and for t3 in Trial 2 (p = 0.04). By regression analysis, a statistically different value of intercept from zero for the regression equation of DMI (p<0.01) or an identical value of ADG (p = 0.06) were obtained, whereas the slopes were significantly different (p<0.01) from unity for both DMI and ADG. Additionally, small root mean square error (RMSE) values were obtained for the unbiased estimator of the two variances (DMI and ADG). Thus, the present results indicated that the CNCPS model can give acceptable estimates of DMI and ADG of crossbred growing bulls kept in a traditionally confined feeding system in China.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.767-774
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• 1998

This study has been carried out to measure the amount of the daily intake by Korean on preservatives (Dehydroacetic acid, Benzoic acid and ρ-Hydroxybenzoic acid asters) in foods. The amounts of preservatives were determined by HPLC in foods such as butter, cheese, margarine, aloe gel, carbonated beverages, mixed beverage, ginseng beverage, red ginseng drink, soy sauce, fruit and vegetable juices (except unheated fruit-vegetable juice), vineger, seasonings, fruit and vegetables only on the peel, fruit wine, rice wine and unrefined rice wine. The recovery ranges were found to be 99.2% for dehydroacetic Acid, 95.8% for benzoic acid and $94.2{\sim}97.2%$ for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid in foods, respectively. The data of average food intake for each food items per capita per day were obtained from the report of national nutrition survey carried by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1997. The detected number of samples and average intake range of preservatives have been figured cut to $ND{\sim}290.0{\;}ppm$ for dehydroacetic acid, $ND{\sim}400.0{\;}ppm$ for benzoic acid and $ND{\sim}93.9{\;}ppm$ for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters, respectively. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of each additives per capita per day were shown as follows; 1.56 mg for dehydroacetic acid, 2.25 mg for benzoic acid and 0.44 mg for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters in total respectively and these values were evaluated to be much lower than that of FAO/WHO's acceptable daily intake (ADI) $0{\sim}5{\;}mg/kg$ b.w./day for benzoic acid and $0{\sim}10{\;}mg/kg$ b.w./day for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.329-342
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumers' perceptions of sodium saccharin in social media. Data was collected from Naver blogs and Naver web communities (Korean representative portal web-site), and media reports including comment sections on a Yonhap news website (Korean largest news agency). The results from Naver blogs and Naver web communities showed that it was primarily mentioned 'sodium saccharin-no added' products, properties of sodium saccharin, and methods of reducing sodium saccharin in food. When media reported the expansion of food categories permitted to use sodium saccharin, search volume for sodium saccharin has increased in both PC and mobile search engines. Also, it was mainly commented about distrust of government, criticism of food product price, and distrust of food companies below the news on the news site. The label of sodium saccharin-no added products in market emphasized "no added-sodium saccharin". These results suggest that consumers are interested in sodium saccharin and especially when media reported the expansion of food categories permitted to use it. Consumers were able to search various information on sodium saccharin except safety or acceptable daily intake through social media. Therefore media or competent authority should report item on sodium saccharin with information including safety or acceptable daily intake based on scientific background and reference or experts' interview for consumers to get reliable information.