• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.24-41
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• 2008

This research is aimed at analyzing and understanding the perception and attitudes of inpatients in a general hospital in Seoul towards the activation of private health insurance. Survey was conducted against 231 inpatients, results of which were analyzed in the methods of frequency analysis, chi square test, and logistic regression. The results are summarized as follows; First, better-educated population who finished college education at least, higher-income population, and people who had more knowledge about private health insurance showed more perception about activation of private health insurance. Second, better-educated population who finished college education at least, higher-income population, those who are insured in existing private insurance, oncological patients, and people who had more knowledge about private health insurance showed more positive attitude towards private health insurance paying for actual damages, long-term care insurance, and income security insurance. Third, age and education were the factors affecting perception about activation of private health insurance. The older the age is, perception was 1.035 times positive towards activation of private health insurance, and those who finished college education or above showed 3.148 times positive perception towards the same. Forth, surgical patients showed 1.087 times more positive attitude towards private health insurance paying for actual damages than internal medicine patients, while oncological patients showed 2.314 times more positive attitude than internal medicine patients. Further, understanding on the activation of private health insurance was 6.014 times higher in the higher understanding group than in the lower understanding group. Intention to use long-term care insurance was 2.692 times stronger in the male group than in the female group, and 3.616 times stronger in the oncological patients group than in internal medicine patients group. Further, understanding on the activation of private health insurance was 3.881 times deeper in the higher understanding group than in the lower understanding group. Intention to use income security insurance was 3.185 times stronger in those who have academic background of under the high school than those over the college, and 4.175 times higher in the group those whose monthly average income is over 4 million won than those under 4 million won. Also, intention to use income security insurance was 4.323 times higher in the group those who are insured by existing private insurances than those who are not insured by those insurances and it was 5.234 times higher in the group of oncological patients than in the group of internal medicine patients. Further, intention to use income security insurance was 3.559 times higher in the group those who thought that out-of-pocket money of the National Health Insurance is too much to bear than those it is quite endurable. Understanding on the activation of private health insurance was 4.875 times deeper in the higher understanding group than in the lower understanding group. There were some suggestions could be made based on the results of this research. First, reinforced publicity and education is needed for the low-educated or low-income group, as there are gaps in the understanding on the activation of private health insurance depending on the degree of education and income. Second, government should prepare administrative complementary measures to solve the problem of adverse selection by the consumer which is foreseen when private health insurances are activated. Third, government should suggest the desirable course of development of private health insurance items to ensure efficient use of enormous fund of private insurance market for health security of the people. Further, institutional complementary measures are needed to convert existing cancer insurances or specific disease insurances to private health insurances paying for actual damages guaranteeing against every kind of disease. Forth, it judged that, not only private health insurances paying for actual damages, but also long-term care insurances and income security insurances are prospective as fields to create fresh demand for insurance industry.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1002-1016
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 과학교사양성기관에서 과학교사교육을 받고, 교직 경력이 5년 이상인 경력 과학교사들과 교육현장에 처음 입문한 초임과학교사들을 대상으로 현장 경험에 비추어 볼 때, 과학교사양성과정이 과학교사가 가져야 할 전문성 교육을 제대로 하고 있는지에 대한 인식이 어떠한지 그리고 그 인식에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이 연구에서는 과학교사 양성과정에 대해 경력 과학 교사들과 초임 과학교사들이 가지는 인식에 대한 심층적인 분석을 위해, 경력과학교사 5명과 초임 과학교사 7명을 대상으로 면담 조사 방법을 통한 질적 연구를 수행 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 과학 내용학에 대해 과학 교사들은 과학 지식 전달의 수업 목표, 강의식 수업, 교과서와 실험 도구 중심의 수업 자료, 지필 시험과 보고서 분석 중심의 평가 방법, 대집단 중심의 수업등으로 인식하고 있고, 사례를 많이 들어주는 수업, 상호작용적 강의 등이 좋은 수업 방법이었다고 인식하고 있었다. 한편 소통 없는 강의식 수업이 가장 좋지 않았던 교수법이었다고 인식하고 있었으며, 자신들이 경험한 과학 내용학 과정은 좋은 모델이 아니었다고 인식하고 있었다. 그리고 이러한 인식에 있어 경력 교사와 초임 교사 사이에 거의 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 과학 교육학에 대해 과학교사들은 과학 교수법 전달의 수업 목표, 수업 시연, 조별 협동학습, 발표 등의 다양한 수업 전략, 컴퓨터 프로그램, 시범 자료, ICT등의 다양한 수업 자료, 지필 평가, 프로젝트 수행, 발표 및 수행평가 등의 다양한 평가 방법, 소집단과 대 집단의 혼용 수업 등으로 인식하고 있고, 흥미로운 자료 사용, 다양한 질문법, 협동학습 등이 좋은 수업 방법이었다고 인식하고 있었다. 한편 과학내용학과 마찬가지로 소통 없는 강의식 수업이 가장 좋지 않았던 교수법이었다고 인식하고 있었다. 전체적으로 볼 때 초임교사들이 좀 더 다양한 수업 전략 및 교수법을 경험한 것으로 나타났으며, 그래서 그런지 자신들이 경험한 과학 교육학 과정에 대해 경력 교사는 좋은 모델이 아니었다고 인식하고 있었으나 초임과학교사들은 과학교육학이 자신들의 수업에 많은 영향을 주고 있고, 대체로 좋은 모델이라고 인식하고 있으나, 교과교육학을 전공하지 않은 교수들이 교과교육학을 담당하는 것에 대해서는 부정적인 인식을 보였다. 셋째, 일반 교육학에 대해 과학교사들은 교육학 이론 전달의 수업 목표, 강의와 발표식 수업, 교과서 중심의 수업자료, 지필 시험과 보고서 분석 중심의 평가 방법, 대 집단 중심의 수업 등으로 인식하고 있고, 사례와 일화를 많이 들어주는 수업, 소집단 토의 등이 좋은 수업 방법이었다고 인식하고 있었다. 한편 소통 없는 강의식 수업이 가장 좋지 않았던 교수법이었다고 인식하고 있었으며, 자신들이 경험한 일반 교육학 과정은 좋은 모델이 아니었다고 인식하고 있었다. 그리고 이러한 인식에 있어 경력 교사와 초임 교사 사이에 거의 차이가 없었다. 과학 내용학과 일반 교육학 과정은 과학 교사 양성에 걸맞는 상당한 변화가 요구된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2002

목 적 : 경제발전과 더불어 영양과잉이 문제되고 있으며 비만한 소아가 매년 증가되고 있는 추세이다. 저자들은 인천의 도시와 농촌 지역을 대상으로 중고생 및 대학생을 대상으로 비만 및 체중미달의 유병율을 알아보고 비만도와 콜레스테롤과의 관계를 조사하여 이를 근거로 청소년기의 영양상태를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 4, 5월 인천지역의 3개의 중학교, 5개의 고등학교, 인하대학교 여대생 총 1,456명(남 : 여=685 : 771)을 대상으로 신체계측과 함께, 혈청 콜레스테롤치를 측정하였으며, 설문조사를 통해 영양섭취상태를 조사하였으며, 1998년 대한소아과학회에서 측정한 한국 소아 및 청소년의 신장별 체중 백분위의 50퍼센타일 값을 표준체중으로 하여 비만도를 측정하여, 20% 이상을 비만, -10% 이하를 체중 미달로 정하였고, 또한 1998년 대한 소아과 학회에서 제정한 각 연령별 체질량지수를 근거로 95 백분위수 이상을 비만으로 정하고 15 백분위수 미만을 체중미달로 정하였다. 결 과 : 1) 청소년 비만도의 분포를 정상, 비만, 체중미달로 구분하였을 때, 남자에서는 각각 60.7%, 12.1%, 27.2%이었으며, 여자에서는 각각 70.9%, 11.3%, 17.8%로 남녀 분포의 유의한 차이가 있었다(P=0.001). 2) 표준체중에 의한 비만 유병율은 11.7%(남 : 여=12.1 : 11.3)였고, 이 중 경도비만이 6.5%(남 : 여=6.7 :6.4), 중등도 비만 4.6%(남 : 여=4.4 : 4.8), 고도비만은 0.5%(남 : 여=1.0 : 0.1)였고, 체질량지수에 의한 비만 유병율은 남녀 각각 6.4%, 6.2%였다. 3) 남자에서 농촌 지역의 비만과 체중미달 유병율은 각각 8.5%, 34.1%였고, 도시 지역은 각각 14.3%, 22.9%로 분포의 유의한 차이가 있었다(P=0.002). 여자에서 농촌 지역의 비만과 체중미달 유병율은 각각 12.5%, 19.6%였고, 도시 지역은 각각 10.5%, 16.6%로 두 지역의 체중 분포의 유의한 차이는 없었다(P=0.529). 4) 연령별 비만 유병율은 나이가 많아지면서 증가하다가 16세에 16.3%(남자 15.8%, 여자 16.8%)로 가 장 많은 분포를 차지하고 그 이후로 감소하였다. 체중 미달의 연령별 유병율은 남자가 14세에 39.4%, 여자가 12세에 53.2%로 가장 많은 분포를 보였다. 5) 인문계, 실업계 남자에서 비만 유병율은 각각 13.7%, 9.7%로 인문계에서 더 많은 분포를 차지하였으나 통계학적인 차이는 없었고(P=0.116), 여자는 각각 6.8%, 18.0%로 실업계에 비만 청소년이 더 많은 분포를 차지하여 통계학적인 차이가 있었다(P=0.001). 6) 혈청 콜레스테롤치 200 mg/dL 이상은 비만 청소년에서 6.2%, 170-200 mg/dL인 경우는 비만군에서 22.2%로 비 비만군에 비해 높았고 서로 유의한 상관 관계를 가지고 있었다(r=0.111). 결 론 : 인천지역의 청소년 비만은 조사자의 약 12%로 적지 않음을 알 수 있으며 반면 체중미달도 적지 않은 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 청소년 영양에 대해 관심과 체계적인 교육이 필요하다고 사료되며 그리하여 성인병을 예방하고 한편 영양불량을 개선하는 것이 시급한 문제로 생각된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-52
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• 2012

Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제3권호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.