• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.441-448
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• 2016

RBAC(Role-Based Access Control), which is widely used in Medical Information Systems, is vulnerable to illegal access through abuse/misuse of permissions. In order to solve this problem, treatment based risk assessment of access requests is necessary. In this paper, we propose a risk evaluation method based on treatment information. We use network analysis to determine the correlation between treatment information and access objects. Risk evaluation can detect access that is unrelated to the treatment. It also provides indicators for information disclosure threats of insiders. We verify the validity using large amounts of data in real medical information systems.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.398-411
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• 2001

The separation system of pharmacy and clinic has begun on the purpose of preventing drug misuse and abuse since July 1st of 2000. The system revealed some conflicts between doctors. pharmacists and consumers. Consequently pharmaceutical law and related policies undergone some change. Now in an early period of the implementation of the system, the necessity to examine relevance of those policies and law enforcement to medical doctors' prescriptions pattern evolves. This study tries to verify the pattern through a field study. For the purpose, 930 prescriptions collected in May of 2001, from a pharmacy located in Gangnam-gu in Seoul, were analysed. The prescriptions were issued from several clinics: 459 prescriptions from otorhinolaryngological clinic(ENT), 177 from internal medicine clinic(IM), 130 from ophthalmic clinic(Opt), 52 from obstetric and gynecologic clinic(OB & GY), and 112 from miscellaneous clinics. ENT, IM, Opt. OB & GY are situated in a clinic building of 40m distance. The general findings are following: 1) $88.8\%$ of the total patients came from 5clinics in nearby single clinic building. 2) Average prescribing days were 6.2 days and the average number of used drugs were 4.0 drugs, i.e. 2-4 times of WHO criteria 1-2 drugs. 3) Use of antibiotics in the oral administration drugs rated $71.8\%(WHO: \;22.7\%)$ 4) Use of injection rated $31.3\%(WHO:\;17.2\%)$ 5) $96.2\%$ of the patients use multiple antibiotics in the injection and oral administration together. 6) The patients had multiple disease : ENT patients 1.7 disease and 1M patients has 2.7 disease in average and several regular prescribing types evolved particularly in the ENT prescription. With this result we found that drugs. especially antibiotics are still abused a lot, and there were significant differences in the number of used drugs and prescrbing days between the clinics. It implies somes differences of the preparation work and time for pharmacists. And preparation can be done in advance by pharmacists' own efforts through noticing regular prescribing types. The study suggests the followings: 1) Patient counseling should be done to minimize the incidence of adverse events. 2) The enforcement of the standardized differential preparation price system should be reconsidered. 3) Preparation of typical regularly appeared prescription in advance. which is regarded as 'a prearranged work between doctors and pharmacists' and has been prohibited should be reconsidered. 4) Drug utilization review program should be established to prevent drugs abuse. especially antibiotics abuse.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.585-594
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• 2018

Virtual currencies have emerged along with new technologies such as block chain, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data. This study examines the benefits of a security-enhanced block chain resulting from individual trading, decentralized from governments, as well as the problems associated with misuse of virtual currencies. Virtual currencies, due to its anonymity, is vulnerable to financial crimes, such as ransom-ware, fraud, drug trafficking, tax evasion and money laundering. Use of virtual currencies can facilitate criminals avoid detection from investigative agencies. Government regulatory policy continues to address these concerns, and the virtual currency exchange has also announced a self-regulation proposal. However, a fundamental solution remains necessary. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problems regarding abuse of virtual currency and to identify a practical system for transactions involving virtual currencies. However, in order to promote transactions involving virtual currencies and to institutionalize a governance system, multilateral cooperation is required. Although the restricting the use of virtual currencies regarding minors and foreign trade, as well as the introduction of a real-name system are considered promising prospects, many problems remain. Virtual currency is not a simple digital item but a method of redesigning the function of money. Coordinated efforts are needed globally to be able to further activate the positive aspects concerning the use of virtual currencies.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.475-487
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• 2022

Background: Use of opioids for chronic intractable pain is increasing globally, and their proper use can improve patients' quality of life. In contrast, opioid use disorders, such as abuse or addiction, caused by prescribing opioids, are a worldwide issue. This study aimed to understand current opioid prescribing patterns and pain physicians' experiences with opioid use in South Korea. Methods: Pain physicians in 42 university hospitals in South Korea were asked to complete anonymous questionnaires regarding opioid prescriptions. Results: A total of 69 surveys were completed. Most pain physicians started prescribing opioids at a pain score of 7/10 and aimed to reduce pain by 50%. Most physicians (73.1%) actively explained the prescribed medications and possible side effects, and 61.2% of physicians preferred the prescription interval of 4 weeks. Immediate-release opioids were the most popular treatment for breakthrough pain (92.6%). The most common side effect encountered by physicians was constipation (43.3%), followed by nausea/vomiting (34.3%). Of the physicians, 56.5% replied that addiction and misuse prevalences were less than 5%. However, the most concerning side effect was addiction (33.0%). Conclusions: The survey results showed that the prescribing patterns of pain physicians generally followed Korean guidelines. Physicians were most interested in the safety and effectiveness of opioid prescriptions. They were most concerned about respiratory depression and abuse or addiction. A significant number of physicians agreed that the NHIS regulations needed improvement for patient convenience and safe and effective treatment, though there were pros and cons of the NHIS restrictions on prescription conditions.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.325-341
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• 2010

A study on what kind of problems young consumers experience in buying and using mobile phone services with a comprehensive and consumers oriented perspective is needed. Through this acknowledgement, we investigated (i) the degree of consumer problems that young consumers experience in purchasing and using mobile phone services, and (ii) the related variables that affect experiences of this consumer problem. The parents of the teenagers were also included in the survey because they experience the same problems young consumers' experience in buying and using mobile phone services. Data were gathered through an internet survey (www.embrain.com) and a total of 699 samples from 350 parents and 349 youths using mobile phone services were analysed. The results are as follows. First, the teenagers and parents' experience level of young consumers' problems were generally high experiencing similar kinds of problems. Second, parents experienced more young consumers' problems than the teenagers in buying and using mobile phone services, especially in misuse and abuse of the phones. Third, among the teenagers, the monthly usage fee music or game usage, the number of changes in mobile phone service operators, the number of replacement mobile phones and the gender had a significant effect on consumers' problems of mobile phone services. Among the parents, the monthly usage fee, music or game usage, confirmation of the bill, and the gender of their child were significant consumer problems. Based on results of our survey the direction of consumer policy and education was suggested for teenagers and their parents.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the education contents on safe use of medications in healthcare textbooks for elementary, middle and high schools. Methods: We examined 6 textbooks for the $5^{th}$ grade, 4 textbooks for middle school, 3 textbooks for high school, and 5 education materials published by the Korea Food and Drug Administration, National Health Insurance Service, and Seoul City Government. To evaluate the contents in health textbooks, we developed the 30 evaluation items. Results: Middle school textbooks had the most educational contents followed by high school and elementary school textbooks. Public education materials for the teenagers included more educational contents than those for children. The education material published by National Health Insurance Service had the highest score and the rest of the books earned under 15. And there were no core contents in medication education. Conclusions: Medication education through health textbooks should be strengthened to raise the level of medication awareness, to use medications safely, to prevent the drug abuse and misuse, and to establish the responsible judgment of medication information in the mass media. The current contents were found to be insufficient to meet these goals of medication education.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.371-379
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• 2022

Darknet is based on the characteristics of anonymity and security, and this leads darknet to be continuously abused for various crimes and illegal activities. Therefore, it is very important to detect and classify darknet traffic to prevent the misuse and abuse of darknet. This work proposes a novel approach, which uses the Gradient Boosting techniques for darknet traffic detection and classification. XGBoost and LightGBM algorithm achieve detection accuracy of 99.99%, and classification accuracy of over 99%, which could get more than 3% higher detection accuracy and over 13% higher classification accuracy, compared to the previous research. In particular, LightGBM algorithm could detect and classify darknet traffic in a way that is superior to XGBoost by reducing the learning time by about 1.6 times and hyperparameter tuning time by more than 10 times.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.117-123
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• 2023

Recently, as the demand for Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and artificial intelligence has increased, the seriousness of misuse and abuse has emerged. However, intelligent CCTV, which maximizes detection of abnormal behavior, is of great help to prevent crime in the military and police. AI performs learning as taught by humans and then proceeds with self-learning. Since AI makes judgments according to the learned results, it is necessary to clearly understand the characteristics of learning. However, it is often difficult to visually judge strange and abnormal behaviors that are ambiguous even for humans to judge. It is very difficult to learn this with the eyes of artificial intelligence, and the result of learning is very many False Positive, False Negative, and True Negative. In response, this paper presented standards and methods for clarifying the learning of AI's strange and abnormal behaviors, and presented learning measures to maximize the judgment ability of intelligent CCTV's False Positive, False Negative, and True Negative. Through this paper, it is expected that the artificial intelligence engine performance of intelligent CCTV currently in use can be maximized, and the ratio of False Positive and False Negative can be minimized..

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2024

Background: Recognizing the seriousness of the misuse and abuse of medical narcotics, the South Korean government introduced the world's first narcotic management system, the Narcotics Information Management System (NIMS). This study aimed to explore the recent one-year opioid prescribing patterns in South Korea using the NIMS database. Methods: This study analyzed opioid prescription records in South Korea for the year 2022, utilizing the dispensing/administration dataset provided by NIMS. Public data from the Korean Statistical Information Service were also utilized to explore prescription trends over the past four years. The examination covered 16 different opioid analgesics, assessed by the total number of units prescribed based on routes of administration, type of institutions, and patients' sex and age group. Additionally, the disposal rate for each ingredient was computed. Results: In total, 206,941 records of 87,792,968 opioid analgesic units were analyzed. Recently, the overall quantity of prescribed opioid analgesic units has remained relatively stable. The most prescribed ingredient was oral oxycodone, followed by tapentadol and sublingual fentanyl. Tertiary hospitals had the highest number of dispensed units (49.4%), followed by community pharmacies (40.2%). The highest number of prescribed units was attributed to male patients in their 60s. The disposal rates of the oral and transdermal formulations were less than 0.1%. Conclusions: Opioid prescription in South Korea features a high proportion of oral formulations, tertiary hospital administration, pharmacy dispensing, and elderly patients. Sustained education and surveillance of patients and healthcare providers is required.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.177-184
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• 2016

Since 1980s, 30 years has passed after issues on environmental refugee began to appear. However, why environmental refugee is not considered as refugee officially in international society? Above all, it seems that main point is the responsibility given to those developed countries if they, whom led the climate changes, officially acknowledge environmental refugee. The problem is that environmental refugee has no direct responsibility for causing climate changes. Actually. the responsibility should be granted to the developed and industrialized countries which caused climate changes. In accordance to the refugee protection system established under current international law, it is difficult to include them into refugee category and thus, they can hardly have enough support. It is urgently needed that new refugee treat which have the new standard and solution added to it shall be adopted. To allow new refugee treat to be effective it is compulsory to have constant and binding policy determination and willingness of execution from a united international organization. Of course, before this, countries should try to have common recognition on recognizing new refugee problem and its seriousness as well as solving those problems together. In reality, it is worth considering adoption of semi-forceable type of system as a more effective way, which allocates responsibility of accepting refugee by amount of carbon emitted. Also, as refugee issue has an important influence on mother company and the third countries, execution process of the system has to be defined clearly. For those permanent organizations, they should accurately define environmental factors making refugee and set standards to minimize possibility of abuse and misuse.