• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.388-407
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• 1995

This study is (a) to describe the history of Total Quality Management (TQM) generated in the industry, health care service, and nursing society ; (b) to define the concept, total quality management including the definition of quality ; (C) to explain the each principle of TQM theory developed by main theorists, E. Deming, J. Juran, and B. Crosby ; (d) to give the examples related to TQM implementation at the health care organization ; and (e) to mention the extent to which the health care organizations are able to evaluate their cultural organization toward TQM and have had the way to measure the effect of TQM implementation. TQM referred to Continuous Quality Improvement(CQI), Quality Improvement(QI), and Total Quality Improvement(TQI), was not recognized by experts in the United States industry, but by economists in Japan until the end of the 1970's. However, the United States' government led to introduce the principles of TQM to general industry as well as health care service area so that TQM became a main philosophy to manage the organizations in health care service. TQM is a structured, systematic process for creating organization-wide participation in planning and implementing continuous improvement in quality. E. Deming established the "Chain reaction in Quality" and the fourteen point of TQM. The Chain reaction in quality is to describe the relationship among the reduction of waste, rework, and delay, quality improvement, customer satisfaction, and productivity. There are fourteen points to explain the principles of TQM by E. Deming. Juran defined the "Quality Trilogy" to improve the level of quality in any organization. Quality Trilogy has three steps such as quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement for implementing the TQM projects. Crosby describes his TQM theory by establishing "Four Absolutes" and "Fourteen steps in TQM" implementation. Until now, most healthcare organizations have made efforts to organize the TQM task team and to implement TQM principles with various issues. There are three priorities to select the TQM issues : High-volume, High-risk, and Problem-prone. However, there is no absolute, credible measurement yet to evaluate the effects of TQM implementation in health care organization regardless of the classification of health care organizations, geographical background, and social influence. Thus, developing the evaluation way in terms of TQM is the foremost task in health service area. The most important thing for TQM implementation in the organization is to settle up the concept, cultural transformation from traditional management toward quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.14-17
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• 2010

Following the proliferation of three-dimensional video contents and displays, many terrestrial broadcasting companies prepare for starting stereoscopic 3DTV service. In terrestrial stereoscopic broadcast, it is a difficult task to code and transmit two video sequences while sustaining as high quality as 2DTV broadcast attains due to the limited bandwidth defined by the existing digital TV standards such as ATSC. Thus, a terrestrial 3DTV broadcasting system with heterogeneous video coding systems is considered for terrestrial 3DTV broadcast where the left image and right images are based on MPEG-2 and H.264/AVC, respectively, in order to achieve both high quality broadcasting service and compatibility for the existing 2DTV viewers. Without significant change in the current terrestrial broadcasting systems, we propose a joint rate control scheme for stereoscopic 3DTV service. The proposed joint rate control scheme applies to the MPEG-2 encoder a quadratic rate-quantization model which is adopted in the H.264/AVC. Then the controller is designed for the sum of two bit streams to meet the bandwidth requirement of broadcasting standards while the sum of image distortions is minimized by adjusting quantization parameter computed from the proposed optimization scheme. Besides, we also consider a condition on quality difference between the left and right images in the optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed bit rate control scheme outperforms the rate control method where each video coding standard uses its own bit rate control algorithm in terms of minimizing the mean image distortion as well as the mean value and the variation of absolute image quality differences.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.1 s.45
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• pp.7-27
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• 2006

This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that influenced the construction of London Eye which was led by private groups, including characteristics in progress, differentiated value in design, the combination of technology and design, and construction costs. The results of this study were the followings. 1) London Eye provides a new construction method for a landmark in the downtown in that the architects became the clients of the project which might have been hoarded, procuring the construction costs and completing it by themselves. 2) London Eye presents a space utilization method where undeveloped spaces in the downtown are used in three-dimensions by erecting a structure on the river with a minimum land. 3) The process of design, production and erection is propelled the realization of technical intention design with one system and from at the initial stage, the participation of the engineer where the designer is equal with you must accompany. 4) London Eye is endowed with strong shape by a circle in design concept, which is the simplest geometrical figure, and it provides organic relationship between the past and the present by utilizing historical elements in various ways. 5) The construction was completed through four phases including idea phase, promotion phase, turn-key contract phase, and design-build phase. The most critical factor to the success is derived from the direct contact with Involved companies from the production phase. 6) In a project facing many challenges in terms of technology, the design-build method proves to be a more effective method than turn-key contract in that it may more allocate risks and enable coherent implementation of the core concept in design. The organization for the design-build method was composed of three phases including general affairs, responsible contracting by sector, and cooperative system by sector. Since that was a new concept structure, high-level contractors who hadn't had existing cooperative relationships with one another formed new cooperative relationship, while collaborating companies who had long cooperated led the responsible contracting and sub-cooperative system, which resulted in reduction of risks and time. 7) The major factors to change design were the design characteristics, derived from a technically great combination, and the opening time. 8) A new erection method was applied to London Eye, a structure that overcame the limitation in land and period, and the process of installation demonstrated that it is an important value for the construction of a landmark in the city. 9) In spite of many visitors and tremendous operational income, the factors that London Eye fails to free itself from debts include the construction costs expended double than expected, and interest burden to the investments, which occurred in the course of procuring the costs. Absolute limit in time increased the construction costs, resulting in being a great obstacle in the course of operation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2011

Apartment housings that adopt a bearing wall structure design, which account for a majority of the housing units available in Korea, are not free from structural constraints that limit the extension of their service life. The resulting need for reconstruction from the ground up requires a massive consumption of resources and energy, and triggers environmental pollution resulting from construction wastes. As a solution to such issues, the government enforces incentive schemes to promote a remodeling-friendly rahmen structure design. Green Frame, which is a novel concept of composite precast concrete structure to support rahmen structure apartment housing buildings, can address the constraints of bearing wall structure and conventional rahmen structure designs that limit the potential for remodeling projects, while reducing the term of construction. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the characteristics of Green Frame and its absolute term of construction, and compare the terms of frame work construction in apartment housing projects adopting different structural design approaches to illuminate their differences. In the end, Green Frame is found to be capable of reducing the term of construction in apartment housing projects. As the term of construction is a very critical element of a construction project, Green Frame will ultimately prove to be one of the key enablers to ensure the success of apartment housing construction projects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.113-125
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• 1969

These experiments were designed to study the influence of early protein undernutrition on growth, behaviors toward food, general attitude toward a new environment, brain size and body composition of the experimental rats. The following experimental groups were studied. Lactation period (3 weeks) (Diets of mother rats) 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 12% Casein diet After-weaning protein deprivation period None deprivation (25% Casein diet) None deprivation (25% Casein diet) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) After a long period of rehabilitation with 25% casein diet the following results were obtained. 1. Growth rate during lactation period is closely related with the protein levels of the diet for mother rats. The average body weight of offsprings of the mother rat fed 25% casein diet is 46.0 grams at 21 days old. However, that of the mother rat fed 12% casein diet is only 25.0 grams. 2. The group of protein undernutrition during lactation (S weeks) (offsprings of mother rat fed low protein diet, 12% casein diet) could never catch up with the normal group in its growth even after twenty-four (24) weeks of rehabilitation. 3. However, the groups of protein undernutrition during either four (4) or even eight (8) weeks after weaning could catch up with the normal group in their growth after long period of rehabilitation. 4. The absolute amounts of carcass protein and fat of the normal group are larger than those of the protein deficient groups. In terms of percent carcass, however, the normal group showed higher body fat and lower body protein than the early deficient groups. However, there is no difference between preweaning (3 weeks) and postweaning (8 weeks) deficient groups. It is assumed, from these differences in body composition, that there might be any differences in physiological and metabolic functions among these various groups, and also that the basic formation of various metabolic regulators (protein-nature) might be fixed mostly during lactation and postweaning period. 5. The groups of protein undernutrition during either three (3) weeks lactation or four (4) weeks after weaning are not so remarkably different from the normal group in their amounts of food intake and spillage. However, the groups of undernutrition during either eight (8) weeks postweaning or eleven (11) weeks (3 weeks lactation period plus 8 weeks postweaning period) showed higher amounts of food intake and spillage. In these respects, it seems that desire for food is closely related with the degree of early hunger in protein and also seems that the longer be deficient in early life the more food spillage is found. 6. Both preweaning and postweaning deficient groups showed generally nervous and restless. The normal group is staid and showed less mobilities. 7. The average size of the brains of the group subjected to protein deficiency during three (3) weeks lactation period is smaller than that of the group of the eight (8) weeks postweaning deficiency. This means that the development of the brain is made mostly during lactation period. The group of the eleven (11) weeks postnatal deficiency is significantly different from the normal group in its brain development. It is assumed, in connection with the results of various maze tests reported, that the brain size is closely related with the intellectual ability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.9-24
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• 2010

This study investigates how students perceive landscape design studio classes and provides basic data to set guidelines for future student-oriented pedagogical strategies in landscape architectural design education. This study is based on the premise that the current dominant educational method, which is based on positivism, should shift to a constructivist approach, which allows students to question objective and absolute truths and restructure knowledge based on their own experiences. Unlike lecture-oriented classes, studio education relies heavily on the perceptions, attitudes, and capabilities of individual students because the nature of the class asks each student to find solutions to given project problems in creative and visual ways. Therefore, it is important to understand the psychological state of students during these classes in order to set alternative criteria for design studio education. This study contains three parts. The first part reviews theoretical discourses to understand the demands for a student-oriented educational paradigm shift and the nature of the design studio at many levels. The second part analyzes how students perceive design studio classes in terms of their satisfaction and stress levels and how studio classes affect their decision making regarding future careers. The stress levels accompanying the design process are also investigated, based on a survey of undergraduate students who are enrolled in the landscape architecture programs of four universities in Korea. According to the findings, design studio classes play a specific role in students' decision making about their future careers. Almost half of students turn out to be dissatisfied with their design education, and half of students suffer from high stress levels caused by studio classes, especially in the early phases of the design process. The findings suggest that instructors should give more attention to discovering ways to help students initiate the design process and bridge ideas and forms, provide clear guidelines for evaluation of students' abilities, and develop a more holistic approach in design studio classes that is based on individual problem-solving processes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2014

This study evaluated the relative efficiency of mobile emission reduction countermeasures through a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach and determined the priority of countermeasures based on the efficiency. Ten countermeasures currently applied for reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution materials were selected to make a scenario for evaluation. The reduction volumes of four air pollution materials(CO, HC, NOX, PM) and three greenhouse gases($CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$) for the year 2027, which is the last target year, were calculated by utilizing both a travel demand forecasting model and variable composite emission factors with respect to future travel patterns. To estimate the relative effectiveness of reduction countermeasures, this study performed a super-efficiency analysis among the Data Envelopment Analysis models. It was found that expanding the participation in self car-free day program was the most superior reduction measurement with 1.879 efficiency points, followed by expansion of exclusive bus lanes and promotion of CNG hybrid bus diffusion. The results of this study do not represent the absolute data for prioritizing reduction countermeasures for mobile greenhouse gases and air pollution materials. However, in terms of presenting the direction for establishing reduction countermeasures, this study may contribute to policy selection for mobile emission reduction measures and the establishment of systematic mid- and long-term reduction measures.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated the gas chromatography (GC) and pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) system for the analysis of four major reduced S compounds including hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$); methyl mercaptan ($CH_3SH$); dimethyl sulfide (DMS); and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) contained in environmental samples. To analyze these compounds in high concentration range (above ppb level), we developed a high mode analytical setting with the loop-injection system. By contrast, we also established a low mode setting for the analysis of low concentration samples (ppt-level samples from ambient air) by the combination with thermal desorption unit (TDU). Comparative analysis of both settings revealed that relative detection properties of four S compounds are systematic enough. The results of high mode analysis indicated that the patterns were systematic among S compounds: $H_2S$ exhibited the lowest sensitivity, while DMDS showed the strongest one. The results were also compared in terms of sensitivity reductions for all compounds by dividing slope ratios between low and high mode system. Although low mode system exhibited significant reductions on the order of a few tens times, their detection characteristics were highly consistent as it was shown in the high mode setting. To learn more about absolute and relative relations between two different modes of S analysis, future studies may have to be directed to cover more complicated nature of GC/PFPD performance.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Purpose - The structural changes of Korean agriculture are complex due to heterogeneous production processes and farms' features. This study analyzed trends of dualism in Korean agriculture over the period 2000-15 based on farm-level data to clarify the specific trends of dualism in terms of farm income, farm-size, and farm operators' age. From the results of this study, we would be able to understand the features of structural changes in Korean agriculture more profoundly. Research design, data, and methodology - We incorporated farm-level data in South Korea: Agricultural census and Farm household economy survey. As measures of inequality, we used size-weighted quantiles, and normalized Gini coefficients as well as mean and conventional quantiles. The size-weighted quantiles are more robust to changes in the number of small farms, but they are more sensitive to changes in the distribution of farm-size. Thus, they would be more useful to identify trends of dualism of Korean agriculture. Results - The results show that the farmland distribution of crop farms became more skewed and dispersed. However, the herd distribution of livestock farms became more concentrated. To be specific, their mean and 1st quantile increases more rapidly than their size-weighted 2nd quantile and size-weighted 3rd quantile. Gini coefficients of livestock farms regarding their herd distribution decreased by 0.1 on average. In the case of income distribution, the results indicate that the polarization regarding farm household/agricultural/non-agricultural income became more severe. However, we also found that the distribution of transfer income became concentrated continuously. The results imply that transfer income including subsidies would decrease farm income polarization. Lastly, during the study periods, Korean farms were aging over time, and age distribution of them more concentrated. Conclusions - The structure of Korean agriculture has been changing, even though the absolute size of it decreased over time. Land (herd) distribution became more dispersed (concentrated). Inequality regarding agricultural income became more severe, and it made farm household income more polarized even though transfer income would decrease income gaps among farms. Lastly, farms continue to age regardless of farm types and this might affect the structural changes in Korean agriculture in the future.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.6 s.59
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• pp.960-976
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• 2005

Classicism pursued beauty comprised of a perfect form, and beauty was perceived as a state of sufficiency. Accordingly, a completed and permanent beauty was sought after; as a result, a perfect and flawless form became the mainstream, and there was an effort to visualize the eternal proportional perfection. In classicism, forms were perfectly embodied with systematic inevitability and absolute inflexibility, by which an extremely clear aspect appeared. This study analyzes a classical construction paradigm in modern fashion according to the five categories: 'Harmony and order by numerical proportion', 'Clear form', 'Simplification of form and two-dimensional Seh-form', 'Completed contracture structure', and 'Pluralistic unification', and the respective formative characteristics are as follows. First, in terms of the formative aspect of modern fashion,'Harmony and order by numerical proportion' results from thorough observance of extreme and golden section (proportion of 5 :8) which was an aesthetic standard of beautiful body in classicism. Second, 'Clear form' appears in clothes as individual clearness of structural elements expressing each part of body, and shows a well-established form possible to be grasped with equal and clear contour line. Third,'Simplification of form and two-dimensional Seh-form' comes out as form composition, single line, single layer structure, two-dimensional form and arrangement of elements of clothes through the front viewpoint caused by 2D diagramming work while fashion-designing and producing. Also, it is seen that two-dimensional proportion which is composed of sections through various harmonious lines and sides according to the simple two-dimensional compatibility principle is accomplished. Fourth, 'Completed contracture structure' emerges as an expression of stationariness, in other words, fixation of an overall impression. This is a tendency that the overall form is grasped as a fixedly intact shape without a big change of the silhouette of clothes. Fifth, 'Pluralistic unification' means that it respectively emphasizes all the parts composing clothes by making them individually independent at the same time as each element is inclusively shown with the harmony of the overall silhouette of clothes and many other details. This study examined classical formative characteristics through a theoretical research on a formative paradigm revealing the classical style. Also, the significance of classical or rational value of art was illuminated by observing what characteristics a classical formation paradigm shows in modern fashion. As a result, classical characteristics in modern fashion prove that classicism is not a merely past construction style separated from the present but a construction paradigm deeply involved in our reason system.