• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제50권
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• pp.225-231
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• 2023

Cold stress is one of the most vulnerable environmental stresses that affect plant growth and crop yields. With the recent advancements in genetic approaches using Arabidopsis and other model systems, genes involved in cold-stress response have been identified and the key cold signaling factors have been characterized. Exposure to low-temperature stress triggers the activation of a set of genes known as cold regulatory (COR) genes. This activation process plays a crucial role in enhancing the resistance of plants to cold and freezing stress. The inducer of the C-repeatbinding factor (CBF) expression 1-CBF module (ICE1-CBF module) is a key cold signaling pathway regulator that enhances the expression of downstream COR genes; however, this signaling module in Panax ginseng remains elusive. Here, we identified cold-signaling-related genes, PgCBF1, PgCBF3, and PgICE1 and conducted functional genomic analysis with a heterologous system. We confirmed that the overexpression of cold- PgCBF3 in the cbf1/2/3 triple Arabidopsis mutant compensated for the cold stress-induced deficiency of COR15A and salt-stress tolerance. In addition, nuclearlocalized PgICE1 has evolutionarily conserved phosphorylation sites that are modulated by brassinsteroid insensitive 2 (PgBIN2) and sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 3 (PgSnRK3), with which it physically interacted in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Overall, our data reveal that the regulators identified in our study, PgICE1 and PgCBFs, are evolutionarily conserved in the P. ginseng genome and are functionally involved in cold and abiotic stress responses.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.7-7
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• 2017

Unfavorable weather and soil conditions reduce rice yield and land and water productivity, aggravating existing encounters of poverty and food insecurity. These conditions are foreseen to worsen with climate change and with the unceasing irrational human practices that progressively debilitate productivity despite global appeals for more food. Our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stresses is advancing and is complex, involving numerous critical processes - each controlled by several genetic factors. Knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in signaling, response and adaptation, and in some cases the genes involved, is advancing. Moreover, the genetic diversity being unveiled within cultivated rice and its wild relatives is providing ample resources for trait and gene discovery, and this is being scouted for rice improvement using modern genomics and molecular tools. Development of stress tolerant varieties is now being fast-tracked through the use of DNA markers and advanced breeding strategies. Large numbers of drought, submergence and salt tolerant varieties were commercialized over recent years in South and Southeast Asia and more recently in Africa. These varieties are making significant changes in less favorable areas, transforming lives of smallholder farmers - progress considered incredulous in the past. The stress tolerant varieties are providing assurance to farmers to invest in better management of their crops and the ability to adjust their cropping systems for even higher productivity and more income, sparking changes analogous to that of the first green revolution, which previously benefited only favorable irrigated and rainfed areas. New breeding tools using markers for multiple stresses made it possible to develop more resilient, higher yielding varieties to replace the aging and obsolete varieties still dominating these areas. Varieties with multiple stress tolerances are now becoming available, providing even better security for farmers and lessening their production risks even in areas affected by complex and overlapping stresses. The progress made in these less favorable areas triggered numerous favorable changes at the national and regional levels in several countries in Asia, including adjusting breeding and dissemination strategies to accelerate outreach and enabling changes at higher policy levels, creating a positive environment for faster progress. Exploiting the potential of these less productive areas for food production is inevitable, to meet the escalating global needs for more food and sustained production systems, at times when national resources are shrinking while demand for food is mounting. However, the success in these areas requires concerted efforts to make use of existing genetic resources for crop improvement and establishing effective evaluation networks, seed production systems, and seed delivery systems to ensure faster outreach and transformation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.698-705
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• 2017

전과정평가 기법을 적용하여 재생 플라스틱을 사용한 휴대폰 충전기의 전과정 환경영향을 정량화하고, 신재 플라스틱과 재생플라스틱의 환경영향을 비교하였다. 충전기의 제조전, 제조, 유통, 사용 및 폐기를 포함하는 전과정 단계별로 자원고갈, 산성화, 부영양화, 지구온난화, 오존층고갈, 광화학산화물생성 환경영향을 분석하였다. 자원고갈 및 지구온난화 영향범주에서는 충전기의 사용단계 환경영향이 각각 94.4%, 70%를 차지하여 가장 큰 환경영향을 나타냈고, 그 외 영향범주에서는 제조전단계의 환경영향이 98% 이상을 차지하였다. 사용단계의 경우 충전기에 의해 소모되는 전력이 주요 원인이고, 제조전단계 경우 PBA (Printed Board Assembly)와 외장 Case 제조공정이 주요 원인이었다. 외장 Case에 사용되는 재생 PC (Polycarbonate)의 환경개선 효과를 정량화하기 위해 재생 PC와 신재 PC 각 1 kg 생산할 때의 환경영향을 평가하였다. 재생 PC는 신재 PC 대비 자원고갈영향은 30% 수준이며 다른 영향범주에서는 5% 미만으로 잠재적인 환경개선효과가 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 연구에 활용된 주요 데이터 및 가정에 대해 민감도 분석을 수행하였고, 총 12개 항목 분석결과 모든 항목에서 민감도는 10% 미만으로 도출되어 연구 결과의 신뢰도는 높다고 판단된다. 이 연구결과를 통해 충전기의 친환경성 개선을 위해서는 PBA의 소형/경량화 설계, 충전효율의 개선, 재생플라스틱 사용 확대가 전과정 환경영향을 줄이는데 중요한 설계 인자임을 확인하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2009

스멕타이트-일라이트 (SI)의 전이 반응은 쇄설성 퇴적암 지역에 흔히 볼 수 있는 광물 반응이다. 지난 40여년 동안 SI 전이 반응의 중요성에 대한 논문들이 많이 출간되었는데 이는 스멕타이트가 일라이트로 변하는 정도 즉 "illitization" 이 석유의 개발, 퇴적물의 화학적 변화 및 물리적 성질변화 에 많은 연계성이 있기 때문이다. 기존의 S-I 상전이에 대한 메커니즘 연구에서는 layer-by-layer reaction 에 의한 solid state 반응 혹은 dissolution/precipitation 반응으로 집약되지만 박테리아 반응의 역할을 전혀 고려하지 않았다. 무산소 환경에서 박테리아와 점토광물의 반응에 대한 연구, 특히 스멕타이트와 철 환원 박테리아의 반응 작용에 대한 연구에서는 철 환원 박테리아가 스멕타이트 구조 속에 있는 철을 환원시켜 에너지를 얻는다고 밝혀졌다. 최근 발표된 논문들은 미생물의 철 환원 작용에 의하여 S-I 상전이가 일어날 수 있다고 보고되었는데, 이는 기존의 상전이에 대한 개념에 즉 고온, 고압, 오랜 시간이 S-I 전이의 필수 조건이라는 일반적인 해석에 반하는 것으로 새로운 연구 분야의 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 현재까지 발표된 논문에 의하면 박테리아가 S-I 반응을 촉진지킴으로 고온, 고압, 혹은 상당시간의 속성작용이 전제조건으로 작용하지 않을 수 있다는 가능성을 시사한다. 하지만 박테리아가 철을 환원함과 동시에 스멕타이트를 일라이트로 전이시킴에 있어서의 메커니즘에 대한 이해는 아직 미비하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 현재까지 밝혀진 SI 반응을 살펴보고, 미생물 광물간의 반응작용에 있어서 연구 방법을 소개함을 목적으로 한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2011

To estimate the effects of limitation nutrients for phytoplankton growth and its influences on short-term variations of a winter phytoplankton community structure, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas from 6 to 7 February in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Also, several algal bio-assay studies were conducted to identify any additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using surface water for the assay. The dominant species in the bay was diatom Skeletonema costatum, which occupied more than 70% of total species in most stations (St.1-16) of the inner bay. According to a cluster and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis based on phytoplankton community data from each station, the bay was divided into three groups. The first group included stations from the south-western parts of Myodo lsland, which can be characterized as a semien-closed eutrophic area with high phytoplankton abundance. The second group included most stations from the north-eastern part of Myodo lsland, influenced indirectly by surface water currents from offshore of the bay. The standing phytoplankton crops were lower than those of the first group. The other cluster was restricted to samples collected from offshore of the bay. In the bay, silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P) were not a major limiting factor for phytoplankton production. However, since the DIN: DIP and DSi: DIN ratios clearly demonstrated that there were potential stoichiometric N limitations, nitrogen (N) was considered as a limiting factor. Based on the algal bio-assay, in vivo fluorescence values in N (+) added experiments were higher compared to control and P added experiments. Our results suggested that nitrogen may act as one of the most important factors in controlling primary production during winter in Gwangyang Bay.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2011

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of $O_3$ has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of $O_3$ on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of $O_3$ impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of $O_3$ on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to $O_3$ of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of $O_3$ in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high $O_3$ sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to $O_3$ of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of $O_3$ for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and other environmental factors such as elevated $CO_2$ and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.

• 생태와환경
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.130-141
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• 2016

This study was conducted to elucidate the structure of river ecosystem in the watershed of the Seom River and Hoengseong Reservoir located in Hoengseong of Kangwon Province from February to October 2007. Topics of the survey were mainly rainfall, discharge, water quality in abiotic factors and attached algae, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, birds and mammals of flora and fauna in a biotic factors, respectively. Specifically, the Seom River could be seen as a typical flow rate of the stream is controlled to the effect of the dam. Basic water qualities were great to seasonal effects, it was relatively clean. Diatom Achnanthes, Cymbella, Gomphonema, and Navicula were distributed predominantly in the periphytic algae. Benthic macroinvertebrates were mostly aquatic insects and freshwater shellfish, the aquatic insects were abundant Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Freshwater fish was the dominant Zacco platypus, fish species varied toward the downstream. Birds were mainly observed in four species, and species Egretta garzetta, which was distributed in a wide area of the Seom River. In mammals, Lutra lutra of Mustelidae was identified that the number of inhabit widely. In aspects of the ecological trophic level, the Seom River was maintained at a relatively stable state in the producer and the consumer relationship. The results of this study will expected to be utilized as a useful data for understanding the structure and function of the lotic and lentic ecosystems.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.168-168
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• 2017

Drought conditions during cultivation reduce agricultural production yield less than a theoretical maximum yield under normal condition. Plant specific NAC transcription factors in rice are known to play an essential roles in stress resistance transcriptional regulation. In this study, we report the rice (Oryza sativa L japonica) NAM, AFTF and CUC transcription factor OsNAC17, which is predominantly induced by abiotic stress in leaf, was contribute to the drought tolerance mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transgenic rice plants. Constitutive (PGD1) promoter was introduced to overexpress OsNAC17 and produced the transgenic PDG1:OsNAC17. Overexpression of OsNAC17 throughout the whole plant improved drought resistance phenotype at the vegetative stage. Morphological characteristics such as grain yield, grain filling rate, and total grain weight improved by 22~64% over wild type plants under drought conditions during the reproductive stage. The improved drought tolerance in transgenic rice was involved in reducing stomatal density up to 15% than in wild type plants and in increasing reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzyme. DEG profiling experiment identified 119 up-regulated genes by more than twofold (P<0.01). These genes included UDP-glycosyltransferase family protein, similar to 2-alkenal reductase (NADPH-dependent oxireductase), similar to retinol dehydrogenase 12, Lipoxygenase, and NB-ARC domain containing protein related in cell death. Furthermore, OsNAC17 was act as a transcriptional activator, which has an activation domain in C-terminal region. These result demonstrate that the overexpression of OsNAC17 improve drought tolerance by regulating ROS scavenging enzymes and by reducing stomatal density

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2000

강진만 수역에서 이화학적 요인과 미생물군집의 변화를 조사하기 위해 영양염류, 수온, 투명도, 염분도, DO, COD 및 종속영양세균, 균류 그리고 분변성 대장균을 계절별로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 조사기간 동안 분변성 대장균군과 종속영양세균의 개체수 변화는 각각 16.1~166.0 CFU/ml 과 $5.0{\times}10^3$~$13.1{\times}10^3$CFU/ml의 범위를 보였다. 또한 이들 세균군집의 정점별 평균값은 다른 정점보다 담수유입 수역인 1번 정점에서 매우 높은 밀도를 보였다. 이화학적 조사와 미생물학적 조사 결과를 고찰했을 때 강진만 생태계는 계절에 따라 2~4개 요인에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 보이며, 주로 담수유입, 영양염류, 염분도 그리고 수온 등에 의하여 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었다. 이들 결과로 볼 때 강진만의 생태계에서 환경 요인의 영향은 다른 만 (광양만, 진해만, 마산만 등)에 비해 상대적으로 적었던 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.855-863
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• 2007

In order to understand the temporal distribution of pico- and nanoplankton and factors controlling its distribution at a station in Okkye Bay of Masan Bay located in the southern part of Korea, this study was conducted on two weeks interval from April 2005 to April 2006, and several abiotic and biotic factors were measured. During the study, picoplankton consisted of picoflagellates, cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, and nanoplankton consisted of nanoflagellates excluding dinoflagellates. The concentration of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) was a mean of $4.33\;{\mu}g/L$, and the nanoplanktonic ($<20\;{\mu}m$) chl-a size fraction was a mean of 39.5 % and significantly correlated with water temperature. The abundances of cyanobacteria and photosynthetic flagellates (PF) were means of $24.4{\times}10^{3}\;cells/mL\;and\;2.87{\times}10^{3}\;cells/mL$, respectively. The contribution of picoflagellates to the PF abundance varied among the sampling occasions and was a mean of 29 %, but to the PF carbon biomass was 2.6 % only. The PF abundance had significant relationships with water temperature, and silicate and TIN concentrations, suggesting that the PF abundance seemed to be primarily bottom-up regulated. The abundance of heterotrophic bacteria was a mean of $3.18{\times}10^{6}\;cells/mL$ and unlike other ecosystems it did not have relationships with chl-a and heterotrophic flagellates (HF), suggesting that bacterial abundance did not seem to be bottom-up or top-down regulated. HF mostly consisted of cells less than $5{\mu}m$ and its abundance was a mean of $2.71{\times}10^{3}\;cells/mL$. Of the HF abundance, picoflagellates occupied about 31 %, and occupied about 9 % of the HF carbon biomass. HF grazing activity on heterotrophic bacteria was relatively low and removed about 10 % of bacterial abundance, suggesting that HF might not be major consumers of bacteria and there seems to be other consumers in Okkye Bay. These results suggest that Okkye Bay may have a unique microbial ecosystem.