• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4432-4438
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to provide basic programs for addressing the growing problem of adolescent obesity by considering the effects of a music rope skipping-based exercise program to increase the student athletic ability on obesity, adiponectin and abdominal fat. The subjects were 23 male middle school students, 14-year-old to 16 years old, with a BMI of more than $25kg/m^2$ (experimental group 11, control group 12), who lack basic physical fitness physical health related fitness. The subjects received a 12 weeks music rope skipping exercise program. The program was carried out before and after the 12 weeks group music rope skipping exercise program. The adiponectin and abdominal fat measurements were compared with the degree of improvement. The BMI and adiponectin levels decreased significantly after the program. In addition, the visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose fat and total abdominal fat in summer decreased significantly.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2010

This study has been conducted on the subjects of eight undergraduate students with abdominal obesity and eight undergraduate students with normal weight to find out correlation between substantial fatigue and Ratings of perceived exertion through analysis of their blood components when they took exercises to strengthen their abdominal muscular power. Comparatively analyzing HDL-C, LDL-C and lactic acid before and after they took sit-up at level of RPE 19-20, no statistically significant differences in HDL, LDL, lactic acid measures were observed between groups, but a significant difference in RPE was noted between groups(p<0.05) Our findings suggest that control group showed no significant difference in increase of fatigue material whereas the obese group showed a lower frequency of sit-up, though both groups took the same abdominal exercise. Additionally, the lower frequency of sit-up in obese group results from relatively higher Ratings of perceived exertion rather than increase of substantial fatigue material. This study invites future research that examines the effect of a comprehensive obesity exercise program combined with dietetic on ratings of perceived exertion in individuals with obesity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.261-273
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to figure out the effects of herbal mesotherapy on abdominal fat in obese women. Methods : Forty obese women those who were diagnosed abdominal obesity had been recruited during February, 2008. They were randomly assigned experimental or control group under block-randomization. Experimental group were treated with Sobi-eum(Xiaofei-yin) injection during 6 weeks (2 times a week) and placebo group were treated with normal saline injection under same procedures. Anthropometry, body impedance analysis, fat computed tomography, blood test, and questionnaires had been administered before and after the treatment. Results : Four subjects were dropped out (voluntary give up), so 18 in experimental group and 18 in placebo group were evaluated. There were significant changes after treatments in both groups. Although no significant differences have been found in the result of anthropometry, body impedance analysis and fat computed tomography between two groups, in the experimental group, the changes of total fat area had a highly significant relationship with all part of abdominal fat. While the placebo group had highly significant relationships with subcutaneous fat area, superficial and deep subcutaneous fat area but not with visceral fat area. Conclusions : Compaired with saline group, herbal mesotheraphy Sobi-eum(Xiaofei-yin) is effective in reduction of visceral fat after adjusting TFA.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1248-1257
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of an exercise program for middle-aged obese women. Method: The exercise program combined folk dance and resistance training. The subjects group consisted of 85 middle-aged obese women between 40 and 60 years of age. Three 8 week sessions consisted of a $55-80\%$ maximum heart rate (MHR) exercise for 60-90 minutes a day and 3 times a week from March to November, 2004. Data was collected through a pre- and post-exercise test before and after each session. Data was collected with Inbody, dynamometer and blood. This data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, and a paired t-test with an SPSS/PC(10.0 version) program. Results: There were significant positive changes in body weight, body fat mass, body mass index, percent body fat, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and balance quality, but no significant positive changes in skeletal mass, fat free mass, percent abdominal fat(waist-hip ratio), visceral fat area, agility, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglycerides. Conclusion: This study showed that an exercise program has partially positive effects for middle-aged obese women. The results of this study show that exercise at community health centers should continue for middle-aged obese women's health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.460-467
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• 2015

Objectives: Excess sodium intake has been linked to obesity and obesity-related indices. However, the scientific evidence for this association is inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium excretion and obesity-related indices among Korean adults. Methods: A convenience sample of 120 subjects (60 obese and 60 non-obese subjects) were recruited applying frequency matching for sex and age between two groups. Sodium intake level was assessed through 24-hour urine collection. Obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including fasting blood lipid indices, subcutaneous and visceral fat through computed tomography (CT), insulin resistance indices, blood pressure and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects. These obesity-related metabolic risk factors were compared between obese and non-obese group according to sodium excretion levels (<110 mEq/day, 110~180 mEq/day, >180 mEq/day). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, health behaviors (smoking, exercise, drinking), and energy intake, several obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including abdominal circumference, body fat percentage, subcutaneous and visceral fat, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure were found to be significantly deteriorated as the sodium excretion level increases. In addition, multivariate adjusted-odds ratios of abdominal obesity, high blood triglyceride, and high blood pressure were found significantly higher in the highest sodium excretion group compared to the lowest group. The mean number of metabolic syndrome risk factors was also significantly greater in the highest sodium excretion group than in the lowest group. Conclusions: The current study findings suggested that high sodium intake can affect obesity and metabolic syndrome risk negatively, implying the necessity of future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity and related health problems.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2009

Objectives : Psychological comorbidities are high in patients with obesity and are associated with a variety of medical and dietary problems. This study aims to examine the association between psychological factors and obesity. Methods : This study was performed in pre-menopausal obese($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$, waist circumference ${\geq}85cm$) women in Seoul, in 2008 (n=35). Every patient underwent the obesity treatment program. The program included dietary and exercise education, and abdominal mesotherapy for 6 weeks. Simple anthropometry including weight, BMI and Computed Tomography (CT) including Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and Visceral adipose tissue/Subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (VSR) were done. To assess psychological factors, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES) questionnaire, Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire and stress response inventory(SRI) questionnaire were administered. Results : 1. All of the obesity indicators (except VSR) decreased significantly after the obesity treatment program. 2. There was a significant relationship between self esteem (SES score) and visceral obesity (VAT and VSR) measured at the end of the program. 3. During the intervention, the more weight, BMI, and subcutaneous adipose tissue decreased, the more self-esteem (SES) increased. There was no relationship between depression (BDI) and obesity. And the change in stress response (SRI) was associated with the change of deep subcutaneous adipose tissue and total abdominal adipose tissue. Conclusions : This study proves that visceral obesity may contribute to low self-esteem, and there is a possibility that the other psychological factors could also be related with obesity in Korean obese women. Individualised antiobesity therapy may be required depending on the patient's psychological characteristics and weight loss could be helpful in order to treat psychological problem in obese patients.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.904-910
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to help out-size consumers purchase the ready-made clothes and improve clothing fitness by classifying the lower bodies of abdomen-obese adult males and by setting up some size system according to each size interval of obesity types. The including criteria for subjects in this study was over 25 kg/$m^2$ of the BMI, over 90 cm of waist, and over 0.85 of WHR, and a total of 538 adult males satisfying them were enrolled. Results are as follows; 1st, the higher the age bracket was, the more increase in each age bracket's lower-degree obesity rate there was along with the more decrease in moderate-degree, while the higher the age bracket was, the more increasing tendency toward each age bracket's abdominal obesity there was. 2nd, 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, into abdominal obesity, high-degree-type, trapezoid-type and cylinder-type. And 3rd, as a consequence of size system establishment according to lower-body types, the basic body sizes and reference body sizes were different according to types even in commonly-appeared size names at sections of respective types. The research findings above suggests that it is necessary to figure out the obesity types according to waist and hip sizes representing basic sizes and to design the patterns in consideration of the characteristics of obese body shapes when lower-half body clothes are designed among obesity groups. And it may be used as a basic data to decide the desirable output of production according to respective body types.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2019

Objectives : Symptoms caused by traffic accidents can be divided into localized pain and systemic symptoms. Edema and pain can be increased due to obesity. During hospitalization of obese patients after traffic accident injury, obesity and systemic symptoms such as edema, dizziness, abdominal fullness and heavy body feeling might increase more by decreased physical activity due to pain. Methods : This report details on two cases of obese female inpatients with systemic symptoms after a car accident who were treated with wild ginseng complex (WGC) pharmacopuncture combined with Korean Medicine (KM) automobile insurance treatment. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Neck Disablility Index (NDI) and the Oswestry Disablility Index (ODI) were evaluated before and after treatment for comparison. Body composition was also measured. Results : Localized pain improved with a decrease in patients' NRS, NDI and ODI scores. Systemic symptoms increased during hospitalization were also improved with changes of body composition. Conclusions : Combining WGC pharmacopuncture with KM automobile insurance treatment may be synergistically effective for the treatment of obese patients with systemic symptoms such as edema, heavy body feeling and abdominal fullness.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to assess the effect onf abdominal obesity treatment on changes in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat. Methods : The study was conducted on 61 abdominally obese patients (13 men and 48 women). Measures of body weight, waist circumference, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat area by CT scan, and V/S ratio (Viscero-subcutaneous fat ratio) were acquired before and after Kirindiet therapy. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to est the effects of teatment. Results : Following a mean of 68 days of treatment, waist circumference (-15%), abdominal total fat (-40%), subcutaneous fat (-37.9%), visceral fat (-47.8%) and V/S ratio (-11.1%) were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The change in V/S ratio in female patients was not statistically significant (p=0.491) whereas the change in the V/S ratio in male patients was significant indicating a greater loss of visceral fat (p=0.017). Please check that my changes reflect what the study found Conclusions : The reduction in visceral fat was greater than for subcutaneous fat in male patients but not for female patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.927-938
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• 1998

Epidemiological studies have indicated that a relationship between overweight and cardiovascular disease exists. To assess the relationship of unfavorable changes in serum lipid concentrations, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), blood sugar and blood pressure to anthropometric variables, nutrient intakes and dietary behavior,64 obese children were chosen as subjects and 24-hour dietary intake, dietary behavior as well as blood pressure, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), three kinds of cholesterol concentrations were measured in November 1976. More than half(57.8%) of the children had serum cholesterol concentrations over 175mg/d1, and 26.6% of them had over 200mg/d1 and this group could be classified as a high risk group. Abdominal obesity as measured with waist circumference and waist hip ratio was negatively co..elated to high density lipop개tein(HDL) cholesterol. Dietary behavior rather than nutrient intakes appeared to have associations with unfavorable lipid profiles. Total dietary behavior scores and fish and bean product consumption had strong correlations with potentially atherogenic lipoprotein concentrations. This study suggests that fir the early prevention of cardiovascular disease, waist hip ratio together with obese rate should be included in selective programs to identify risk group of children in Korea. furthermore, interventions in cardiovascular disease risk groups in obese children should emphasize maintenance of ideal body weight through reducing body fat and adopting desirable dietary behaviors such as increasing intake of fish or bean products. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 927~938, 1998)