• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2011

Purpose: Stem cells continue to receive research attention in the clinical fields, and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to be a good source raw material. Many plastic surgeons are researching the ADSC adipogenesis with a view of conducting clinical trials, and many attempts have been made to identify the factors that promote the adipogenesis of ADSCs, but comparatively few correlation studies have been undertaken to explore the relation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ADSC adipogenesis. We undertook this study is to investigate the effects of ROS on ADSC adipogenesis. Methods: ADSCs were isolated and cultured from abdominal adipose tissue, and cultured in different media; 1) DMEM(control), 2) adipogenesis induction culture medium, 3) adipogenesis induction culture medium with ROS ($20{\mu}M/50{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$), 4) adipogenesis induction culture medium containing ROS ($20{\mu}M/50{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$) and antioxidant ($10{\mu}M/20{\mu}M$ Deferoxamine). We compared adipogenesis in these different media by taking absorbance measurements after Oil-Red O staining every 5 days. Results: After culturing for 20 days, significant differences were observed between these various culture groups. Absorbance results showed significantly more adipogenesis had occurred in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium and $H_2O_2$ (in a $H_2O_2$ dose-dependently manner) than in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium and no $H_2O_2$ (p<0.001). Furthermore, in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium, $H_2O_2$, and antioxidant, absorbance results were significantly lower than in adipogenesis induction culture medium and $H_2O_2$ (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that ROS promote the adipogenesis of ADSCs. We suggests that ROS could be used in the adipose tissue engineering to improve fat cell differentiation and implantable fat tissue organization.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

Quantities as well as distributions of adipose tissue (AT) are significantly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and can be altered with caloric restriction. This study investigated which cross-sectional slice location of AT is most strongly correlated with changes in CVD risk factors after caloric restriction in obese Korean women. Thirty-three obese pre-menopausal Korean women ($32.4{\pm}8.5$ yrs, BMI $27.1{\pm}2.3\;kg/m^2$) participated in a 12 weeks caloric restriction program. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans at the sites of L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5. Fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), leptin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were observed. Pearson's partial correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between AT measurement sites and changes in CVD risk factors after calorie restriction. When calories were reduced by 350 kcal/day for 12 weeks, body weight (-2.7%), body fat mass (-8.2%), and waist circumference (-5.8%) all decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, following caloric restriction, serum levels of glucose (-4.6%), TC (-6.2%), LDL-C (-5.3%), leptin (-17.6%) and HOMA-IR (-18.2%) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as well. Changes in VAT at the level of L3-L4 were significantly greater than those at other abdominal sites, and these changes were correlated with changes in TC (P < 0.05), LDL-C (P < 0.001), SBP (P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01). These results show that VAT at L3-L4 had a stronger correlation with CVD risk factors than with other AT measurement sites after caloric restriction.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2012

This study was to investigate the effects of high-fat diet feeding for a very long period of time on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in mouse adipose tissue and to determine whether caloric restriction (CR) or insulin sensitizer treatment changes the cytokine gene expressions even in obese mice fed a high-fat diet for a very long term-period. Gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were examined by real-time PCR in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SubQ) from obese and non-obese male C57BL/6 mice at 16, 26, 36, 47, and 77 weeks of age on either normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) after starting at 6 weeks of age. In addition, gene expression levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 were determined in SubQ before and after rosiglitazone treatment or CR on 47-week-old obese mice. The results demonstrated that gene expression levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly increased with aging in SubQ of mice in both groups of diet. MCP-1 gene expression of SubQ in all ages tested was significantly or marginally increased in mice on HFD compared with ND. While TNF-${\alpha}$ expression was significantly reduced by rosiglitazone, IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly decreased by CR. The basic data in this study will be useful for characterizing the C57BL/6 mouse as an animal model of obesity induced by high-fat diet feeding for a very long period of time, and a better understanding of inflammatory cytokine regulation in diet induced obesity which may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent the complications of obesity.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

Abdominal obesity is considered as one of the most risky factors governing the development of metabolic diseases. Here we identify that human chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1, also called YKL-40 in human) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs883125, is associated with abdominal obesity in Korean women. Korean women subjects with the rs883125 G/G or C/G genotype present higher waist-hip ratio than subjects with C/C genotype suggesting that human subjects who G nucleotide substitution at the rs883125 tended to more accumulate intra-abdominal fat at the abdominal cavity. In addition, Chi3l1 gene expression is increased in adipose tissue from obese mice and pro-inflammatory cytokine enhances Chi3l1 expression in adipocytes, indicating that Chi3l1 is greatly related with obesity and obesity-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, the minor allele of rs883125 is associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in Korean women. These findings suggest that genotype of rs883125 can be a biomarker of incident abdominal obesity and abdominal obesity-related metabolic diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between cattle breeds and deposit of adipose tissues in different positions and the gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM), which are associated with lipid metabolism and are valuable for understanding the physiology in fat depot and meat quality. Yanbian yellow cattle and Yan yellow cattle reared under the same conditions display different fat proportions in the carcass. To understand this difference, the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$, FASN, and ACADM in different adipose tissues and longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) in these two breeds were analyzed using the Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method (qRT-PCR). The result showed that $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene expression was significantly higher in adipose tissue than in LD in both breeds. $PPAR{\gamma}$ expression was also higher in abdominal fat, in perirenal fat than in the subcutaneous fat (p<0.05) in Yanbian yellow cattle, and was significantly higher in subcutaneous fat in Yan yellow cattle than that in Yanbian yellow cattle. On the other hand, FASN mRNA expression levels in subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat in Yan yellow cattle were significantly higher than that in Yanbian yellow cattle. Interestingly, ACADM gene shows greater fold changes in LD than in adipose tissues in Yan yellow cattle. Furthermore, the expressions of these three genes in lung, colon, kidney, liver and heart of Yanbian yellow cattle and Yan yellow cattle were also investigated. The results showed that the highest expression levels of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FASN genes were detected in the lung in both breeds. The expression of ACADM gene in kidney and liver were higher than that in other organs in Yanbian yellow cattle, the comparison was not statistically significant in Yan yellow cattle.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.535-546
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• 2010

Purpose: The subcutaneous fat tissue is separated into 2 layers by the subcutaneous fascia: the superficial and deep fat layers. The two fat layers have different structures according to the body regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution and pattern of the two fat layers in the human body by computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis according to age, sex, anatomical region, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study included 200 males and 200 females who underwent 64-channel dynamic CT in our hospital. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to 10 years of their ages separately in either male or female gender. The thickness of the superficial and deep fat layers was measured in the abdominal, pelvic, and femoral regions, and we analyzed the values. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The $3{\times}3$-cm whole fat layers were harvested from the same sites of 3 cadavers for histological examination, and one cadaver was dissected for gross evaluation. Results: The total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue was greater in females than in males, and the ratio of the superficial fat layer to the whole fat layer was higher in females. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males. As BMI increased, the total fat layer became thicker, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. On histological examination, the superficial fat layer had small adipose lobules and showed a densely distributed pattern in the abdominal region, whereas in the femoral region, it had large adipose lobules and showed a sparsely distributed pattern. There were no significant differences in the histological findings of the deep fat layer between the 3 body regions. Conclusion: Significant differences in histological findings of the two fat layers were found in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males, but it was constant in females. As BMI increased, the total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue became greater, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. Our measurements can be used to understand the characteristics of the fat layers in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.924-932
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• 2003

In middle-aged men, abdominal obesity has been an important risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as a predictor of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Particularly, risks from abdominal obesity increase when adipose tissue accumulates in visceral compartment. Many studies showed that weight reduction by caloric restriction improves abdominal obesity and reduces lots of cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone treatment also results in a significant decrease in visceral fat area and normalizes endocrine metabolism. However there is no study that compare the effect of caloric restriction with that of testosterone treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and that of testosterone treatment on body fat distribution, serum lipids and glucose metabolism in male patients with CAD. Forty five middle-aged overweight-obese men with CAD participated in 12 weeks' program. They were matched with age, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and divided into three groups : control group (n = 15) , caloric restriction group (-300 kcal/day, n = 15) and testosterone treatment group (testosterone undecanoate tablets, n = 15) . After 12 weeks, control group did not have any changes in anthropometries, lipid profile, body fat distribution, glucose metabolism and hormonal status. Expectedly, caloric restriction group showed decreases in body weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, ％ body fat. Ten percentage of total cholesterol and 23% of triglyceride in serum were also decreased. In body fat distribution, total fat areas at both L1 and L4 levels were significantly reduced in this group without reduction in muscle of thigh and calf. However, testosterone treatment group did not have any significant changes in body weight, ％ body fat, serum lipid profile and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, weight reduction by caloric restriction is more beneficial in body fat distribution and serum lipid level than testosterone treatment in overweight male patients with CAD. This result suggests that modest weight reduction is possible to help decrease risk factors of CAD.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.76-80
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• 2009

A Maltese was presented with a subcutaneous mass at right flank, depression and hyperthermia. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic mass with hyperechoic foci, a defect of abdominal wall and peritonitis. In cytology, fat necrosis was found. This dog was diagnosed as chronic suppurative steatitis secondary to pancreatitis and pancreatic herniation through surgery and histopathologic examination. Steatitis is recurrent inflammation and necrosis of adipose tissue. Also steatitis associated with pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis and pancreatic tumor was reported and direct fat necrosis by pancreatic enzyme was supposed as the etiology. Steatitis secondary to pancreatitis was rarely reported in dogs and there was difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. This case has a limitation that pancreatitis was not diagnosed as underlying cause to steatitis before surgery. However, a defect of abdominal wall and peritonitis were observed on ultrasonography. Good prognosis could be achieved through prompt surgery and medical treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the action mechanism of sulfur-grain larvae extract (SGE) on anti-obesity and the reduction of blood lipid level in high-fat diet induced obese model animals. Animals were classified into a normal diet group (NC, normal control), HFD (high-fat diet without SGE), HFD 15 (high-fat diet + oral administration of 15 mg of SGE extract per 100 g body weight) and HFD 30 (high-fat diet + oral administration of 30 mg of SGE extract per 100 g body weight). The body weight gain declined in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with the HFD group, even though the diet intake increased significantly. The weight of liver and adipose tissue increased significantly in HFD group compared with in the HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and AI decreased in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with in the HFD group, but the contents of HDL-C increased significantly. Expression of SREPB-$1{\alpha}$, SREPB-2 mRNA in the liver was lower in the high-fat diet group compared with the HFD group, but the expression of LPL mRNA in adipose tissue and $PPAR{\alpha}$ increased significantly. Fat accumulation in the liver tissues and liver damage were greatly reduced in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with in the HFD group. The size of adipocytes became smaller in the HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with HFD group. In conclusion, this research discovered for the first time that grain maggot has anti-obesity effects, by reducing the abdominal fat of obese model animals and lowering blood lipid level through the down-regulation of PPAR-$1{\alpha}$ and SREPB-2 mRNA and the up-regulation of PPAR-${\alpha}$ mRNA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of feeding ethanol on growth performances, carcass characteristics, and lipid metabolism of finishing Korean cattle (Hanwoo) steers. Methods: Thirty (30) Hanwoo steers (average 25.1 months of age, body weight 660.1 kg) were assigned to three treatments: control (0% ethanol), E-3 (1.44% ethanol for 3 months), or E-5 (0.72% ethanol for 2 months followed by 1.44% ethanol for 3 months). The animals were allotted by treatment group into six pens and fed concentrate and perennial ryegrass. Ethanol (30%, v/v) was supplemented into drinking water twice a day to meet final concentrations based on average water consumption of finishing Hanwoo steers. Results: There were no statistical differences among the groups in final body weight, average daily gain, or carcass yield grade indices such as cold carcass weight, fat thickness, and loin area. The marbling score tended (p = 0.228) to increase with the highest score (6.7) in the E-5 group followed by 6.3 and 6.0 in E-3 and control groups, respectively. The appearance frequencies of quality grades of $1^{{+}{+}}$ (the best), $1^{+}$, 1, and 2, were; 30%, 50%, 0%, and 20% for control, 10%, 80%, 10%, and 0% for E-3, and 10%, 80%, 0%, and 10% for E-5 groups, respectively, indicating improvements of quality grades by feeding ethanol. Concentrations of serum glucose tended to decrease whereas those of insulin and non-esterified fatty acid to increase by feeding ethanol (E-3 and E-5; p>0.05). Conclusion: Feeding ethanol directly into drinking water of finishing Hanwoo steers stimulated lipogenesis in intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) and thereby improved carcass quality grade. The serum metabolites results supported the hypothesis of lipolysis of existing adipose tissue, such as abdominal fats, and lipogenesis in intramuscular adipocytes.