• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.251-254
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• 1999

Astaxanthin is one of many carotenoids present in marine animals, vegetables and fruits. Since carotenoids are known to exert antioxidant actions, we explored to determine if astaxnathin could have such regulatory actions in normal-and $CCl_4$-treated rat liver. Astaxanthin treatment caused a slight increase in $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in the control rat liver. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was significantly increased by astaxanthin in a dose-dependent manner and its activity decreased in response to $CCl_4$treatment was slightly inhibited by astaxanthin. These results suggest that astaxanthin could protect liver damages induced by $CCl_4$via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and it may have a potential to activate the anti-oxidant system of normal liver by stimulating $\alpha$-tocopherol production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.628-637
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• 2010

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24-hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene intakes were $1240.1{\pm}1101.1\;{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($693.3{\pm}563.2\;{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day), $182.6{\pm}149.5\;{\mu}g$/day and $5443.3{\pm}6365.5\;{\mu}g$/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was $6.03{\pm}2.54\;mg$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalent/day. The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intakes were $4.83{\pm}2.03$ and $5.57{\pm}3.41\;mg$/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.510-518
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• 2003

자외선에 노출된 피부에서 생성된 활성산소종에 의한 산화적 스트레스는 세포 구성 성분들을 손상시키고 궁극적으로는 피부 광노화 및 발암을 야기시킬 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 대두(Glycine max MERRILL)의 성분인 genistein(4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone)을 포함하는 몇 가지 천연 황산화제들에 대하여 로즈벵갈로 증감된 사람 적혈구의 광용혈에 대한 보호효과를 조사하였다. Genistein$(10-100\;{\mu}M)$은 농도-의존적으로 광용혈을 억제하였다. 그리고 지질 과산화 연쇄반응의 차단제인 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol보다도 더 효과적이었다. 그러나, Genitein의 배당체인 genistin, 소용성 항산화제인 L-ascorbate, 철-킬레이트제인 sodium phytate는 광용혈에 대하여 보호 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 오히려 보다 높은 농도$(500\;{\mu}M)$에서는 L-ascorbate와 sodium phytate 모두 광용혈을 촉진시켰다. 반면, $^1O_2$ 소광제로 알려진, ${\alpha}$-carotene 3,3'-diol은 현저한 보호 효과를 보여주었다. 이 결과는 로즈벵갈로 증감된 광용혈에 있어서 $^1O_2$이 중요함을 가리킨다. Luminol-의존성 화학발광법을 이용하여, $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ 계에서 생성된 ROS에 대한 몇가지 천연 항산화제들의 ROS 소거활성을 측정하였다. 활성 산소 소거활성$(OSC_{50})$의 크기는 sodium phytate > L-ascorbate>${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin순이었다. Gnistein, genistin, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, L-ascorbate 및 sodium phytate의 활성산소 소거활성$(OSC_{50})$은 각각 41.0, 109.0, 9.0, 5.2, 및 $0.56{\mu}M$이었다. Free radical 소거활성$(FSC_{50})$의 크기는 L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 genistein이 $^1O_2$ 혹은 다른 ROS를 소거함으로써 그리고 ROS에 대항하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리킨다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.635-639
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• 1998

The thermal degradation pattern of $\alpha$-, ${\gamma}$-and $\delta$-tocopherols in glycerol was investigated during heating at 100~25$0^{\circ}C$ for 5-60 min in the absence of oxyge. The tocopherols and thermally decomposed products were separated by HPLC with a reversed phase $\mu$-Bondapak C18-column. The degradation pattern of $\alpha$-tocopherol during the heating in the absence of oxygen was different from those of ${\gamma}$-and $\delta$-tocopherols. But the degradation patterns of ${\gamma}$-and $\delta$-tocopherols were similar to each other. The residual content of $\alpha$-tocopherol during the heating in the absence of oxygen decreased to the range 12~65% and those of ${\gamma}$-and $\delta$-tocopherols decreased to the range 4~96%. The thermal degradation of tocopherols in the absence of oxygen was less than that in the presence of oxygen.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.125-129
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• 1998

Occurrence of an electron (or H atom equivalent to one electron plus H+) transfer from $\alpha$- tocopherol $\alpha$(TOH) to a number of photosensitizers in theri triplet states were investigated by monitoring the ESR signal of $\alpha$-chromaoxyl radical ($\alpha$(TO.) in ethanolic solutions of $\alpha$TOH and the sensitizers under continuous illumination. Every sensitizer molecule examined, such as protocholorophyllide (Pchl), hematoporphyrin and rose bengal which are generally regarded as efficient type II photosensitizers and thus have long-lived triplet states, was found to actively participate in an electro transfer reaction with $\alpha$TOH even under air-saturation conditions, generating $\alpha$TOH complex as an intermediate in a fashion of Michaelis-Menten type of reaction. For the reaction of $\alpha$TOH with triplet Pchl, the rate law was derived by applying the steady approximation for the binary complex, triplet Pchl-$\alpha$TOH , which turned out to be well consistent with the kinetic data.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2000

Lecithin-free egg yolk protein (EYP), the by-product of lecithin extraction from egg yolk, which is denatured with an organic solvent, would normally be discarded. In this study, the denatured protein was renatured with alkali, and hydrolyzed with Alcalase in order to utilize by-product. The hydrolysate was separated through a series of ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWOO) of 10, 5 and 1 kDa, and the antioxidative activities of the hydrolysates was investigated. The 5K hydrolysate, permeate from 5 kDa membrane, showed stronger antioxidative activity than 10 K and 1 K hydrolysate which were permeated from 10 kDa and 1 kDa membrane, in a linoleic acid autoxidation system. In addition, the optimum concentration of antioxidative activity for 5 K hydrolysate was 1%, and the activity was about 37% higher as compared with α-tocopherol. The synergistic effect was also increased by using the hydrolysates with α-tocopherol.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1015-1018
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• 1998

Capsaicin(8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide: CAP) known well as a major compound of not taste in hot pepper, was investigated for the inhibition effect on in vitro nitrosation. CAP(100$\mu$mol) inhibited the formation of N-nitrosoproline(NPRO) and N-nitrosothioproline(NTPRO) by 56% and 26%, respectively. Vanillyl alcohol inhibited the nitrosation of proline by a concentration-dependent manner, and vanillic acid and vanillin were less effective in blocking the nitrosation of proline compared to CAP and anillyl alcohol. The inhibitory effect of NPRO formation by CAP was evaluated to similar with alpha-tocopherol, and vanillyl alcohol was more effective than alpha-tocopherol in blocking the nitrosation of proline. Our results suggested that CAP and its metabolites such as vanillyl alcohol could inhibit endogenous nitrosation in hydrophobic biological environment.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2000

본 연구는 에탄올의 급여수준과 금주 후 회복이 체내항산화비타민 상태에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 평균 체중이 200g인 Dprague-dawley 종 숫쥐 50마리를 사용하여 혈장 및 간조직의 비타민 A 및 E 의 함량을 비교.분석하였다. 실험식이라는 에탄올 액체식이형태로 만들어 공급하였으며, 이때 식이는 mL당 1 kacal의 열량을 공급할 수 있도록 조제하였다. 각 실험군의 식이구성은 에탄올을 첨가하는 대신 dextrin-maltose를 급여한 C군, 전체 칼로리의 10%를 에탄올로 첨가하는 LE 군 , 20%를 첨가하는 ME 군, 30%를 첨가하는 HE군 , 30%의 에탄올을 5주간 공급한 후 다시 2주간 정상식이를 급여한 회복군(HR)으로 설정하여 실험식이를 공급하였다. 혈자에서의 retinol 함량은 에탄올 급여수준에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 간조직 중의 retinol 함량은 20% 이상의 에탄올 군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었고, 30% 에탄올군인 HE 군에서는 현저하게 저하되었다. 30% 에탄올 급여후 2주간 정상식이를 회복시킨 군에서도 간조직의 retinol의 함량은 그대로 저하된 상태를 유지하였다. 간조직의 retinyl palmitate 함량은 에탄올 급여수준이 높을수록 감소되는 경향이었으며, 30% 에탄올군에서는 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다. 회복군의 경우에도 이러한 저하현상은 더욱 심화되었다. 혈장의 $\alpha$-tocopherol 함량은 에탄올 급여량에 따라 별다른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 간조직에서 10% 에탄올군에서도 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었으며, 에탄올 급여수준이 증가될수록 현저하게 저하되었다. 그러나 회복군에서는 $\alpha$-tocopherol의 함량이 10% 에탄올군의 수준까지 회복되었다. 이상의 결과에서와 같이 만성적인 에탄올의 섭취는 대체로 열량의 20% 이상을 에탄올로 급여하였을대 섭취수준이 증가함에 따라 흰쥐의 간조직에서 비타민 A와 $\alpha$-tocopherol으 lgkafid이 저하되었다. 이는 에탄올의 섭취를 중단하고 정상식이를 일정기간 급여하여도 특히 비타민 A 함량은 회복되지 않는 경향을 보여 만성적인 에탄올 섭취자들에게 비타민 A영양상태의 문제를 예방할 수 있는 방안이 강구되어야 함을 나타낸다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2004

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades and concerns about naturally occurring harmful contaminants of food. Although, irradiation provides an excellent safeguard for the consumer by destroying harmful bacteria, it would be necessary to investigate nutritional adequacy of irradiated foods with a special emphasis on such foods as red pepper powders, cold-water fishes (mackerel), sesame seeds that are widely consumed in Korea. These food items are of special concern due to the fact that most of them are imported and that several nutrients contained in them are sensitively reacting to irradiation. We observed changes in the antioxidant nutrients contents, such as vitamin A, $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C and total phenol, and also vitamin B$_1$ in the foods that were irradiated at different dose levels. The nutrients contents in red pepper were respectively 98.6% and 92.3％ for total phenol, and 97.8% and 94.5% for $\beta$-carotene, right after irradiation at the dose of 10 and 20 kGy. The vitamin C contents decreased with irradiation doses up to 76.4% (10 kGy) and 68.5% (20 kGy) and B$_1$ contents decreased to 54.9% and 80.7% of non irradiated red pepper. When the mackerel was irradiated at the applied dose of 3 and 7 kGy, total phenol concentration of the irradiated fish was respectively 91.3% and 94.2% of non irradiated fish. The amounts of vitamin A were 82.6% (3 kGy) and 78.0% (7 kGy) of unirradiated sample and vitamin B$_1$ contents reduced to 30.5% and 51.5%. $\alpha$-Tocopherol content was 33.9% of the non-irradiated one when it was irradiated at 7 kGy. Vitamin A and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol contents in sesame seeds linearly decreased with the applied doses (5 and 10 kGy) Vitamin A contents decreased up to 87.8% (5 kGy) and 82.9% (10 kGy) and that of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol were 72.4% and 66.5% of the unirradiated sample.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 1994

To evalulate the antioxidant effect of flavonoid(+)-catechin on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in vivo, rats were fed with diets containing $5\%$ corn oil(CO), $5\%$ corn oil and $15\%$ purified fresh fish oil(FO) or peroxidized fish oil(PFO) for 10 days. To accerelate lipid peroxidation, all of them were injected with 60mg phenobarbital(a day per kg body weight), and treated with phorone(diisopropylidene acetone) before the rats were killed. Contents of triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesterol and lipid peroxide and the activities of GOT, GPT in serum and total lipid and cholesterol content in liver of PFO group rats were significantly higher than those of the FO one. Contrary to our expectations, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in liver of the FO group were ]ewer than those of the PFO group. These results might be explained as the results of homeostasis. Even though the hepatic glutathione were depleted, catechin and a-tocopherol inhibited production of lipid peroxide effectively. These results suggested that catechin be considered an antioxidative and hepatoprotective agent.