• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.249-265
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• 2004

In the current digital age, most of the countries in the world recognize the electronic business to be a very prospective area in the future and plan to activate for the preoccupation of the business. As a result, this led a rapid increase of the electronic business volume. Electronic business takes place in the cyber space, using internet. However, the intellectual property rights have a high degree of possibility of being infringed as the digitalized intellectual property is easy to receive, copy and transmit in the cyber space. The language structure on the web, represented by HTML, makes easier to copy the intellectual property. And, as the internet has no national boundary, the infringement of the intellectual property rights is easier regardless of country, which could lead to the commercial disputes between the concerned countries. There are in fact many legal disputes nowadays on the infringement of the intellectual property rights in such field as computer programming, infringement of the copyright, business model patent and infringement of the trademark right on the registered name of the domain. It is, therefore, time now to prepare a new theory or legal system to protect the intellectual property rights on copyright, patent and trademark right so as to comply with the digital environment together with such a splendid growth of "electronic business." USA and Germany are nowadays making a significant movement on the legislation of the electronic business, and this study will focus on the legislative contents, judicial precedents and interpretation of law in the above countries.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 1984

Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition which systemic arterial blood oxygen unsaturation occurs if obstruction in the pulmonary capillaries raises the pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure to or beyond systemic levels and then a significant right to left shunt develops across a preexisting cardiac septal defect or an aortopulmonary communication-We have experienced 3 cases of similar condition. Case I is 24 year old man who has had cyanosis and dyspnea on exertion since childhood. His pulmonary arterial pressure was 110/80mmHg. He was operated under diagnosis of the mitral stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot, but it was finally discovered that he had patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular defect was closed with perforated prosthetic patch, but the patient expired due to right heart failure low cardiac output. Case II was 16 year old female who had pulmonary hypertension of 110/85mmHg. She was diagnosed as Eisenmenger syndrome combining with atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Case III was 20 year old male. His pulmonary arterial pressure was 110/70mmHg and the underlying defect was patent ductus arteriosus.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.554-558
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• 1996

A case of distal aortopulmonary septal defect associated with aortic origin of right pulmonary ar- tery, patent ductus arteriosus and hypoplasia of aortic isthmus in a 50-day-old female infant is presented. Ligation of patent ductus arteriosus, resection and end-to-end anastomosis of hypoplasia of aortic isthmus, implantation of rlght pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery and autologous peri- cardial patch repair of aortopulmonary septal defect were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass as one-stage approach. Deep hypothermic total circulatory arrest was applied during repair of hypoplasia of aortic isthmus. The p stoperative course was uneventful.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1987

The noninvasive nature of the radionuclide angiocardiography provided a useful approach for the evaluation of left-to-right cardiac shunts (LRCS). While the qualitative information can be obtained by inspection of serial radionuclide angiocardiograms, the quantitative information of radionuclide angiocardiography can be obtained by the analysis-of time-activity curves using advanced computer system. The count ratios method and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (QP/QS) by gamma variate fit method were used to evaluate the accuracy of detection and localization of LRCS. One hundred and ten time-activity curves were analyzed. There were 46 LRCS (atrial septal defects 11, ventricular septal defects 22, patent ductus arteriosus 13) and 64 normal subjects. By computer analysis of time-activity curves of the right atrium, ventricle and the lungs separately, the count ratios modified by adding the mean cardiac transit time were calculated in each anatomic site. In normal subjects the mean count ratios in the right atrium, ventricle and lungs were 0.24 on average. In atrial septal defects, the count ratios were high in the right atrium, ventricle and lungs, whereas in ventricular septal defects the count ratios were higher only in the right ventricle and lungs. Patent ductus arteriosus showed normal count ratios in the heart but high count ratios were obtained in the lungs. Thus, this count ratios method could be separated normal from those with intra cardiac or extracardiac shunts, and moreover, with this method the localization of the shunt level was possible in LRCS. Another method that could differentiate the intracardiac shunts from extracardiac shunts was measuring QP/QS in the left and right lungs. In patent ductus arteriosus, the left lung QP/QS was higher than those of the right lung, whereas in atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects QP/QS ratios were equal in both lungs. From this study, it was found that by measuring QP/QS separately in the lungs, intracardiac shunt could be differenciated from extracardiac shunts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.138-139
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• 2003

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

The patent right is that creators are received the right of monopoly for supporting their creation work perseveringly but sometimes it causes infringement of freedom of creation. In this study, we examine the patent of music game in arcade game field and also examine Konami's, which is a main producer in this field, institutes many lawsuits repeatedly. It brought on diversion of rivals and depression of game market. We examine the abuse of music game patent through the case of Konami. We examine the negative influence through all music game market that creativity blocked by repetitive patent lawsuit institutes from little change of operation device and music game hardware even though it is reasonable for guarantee of new technology patent in game field which is a idea industry. We examine the lawsuit cases of abuse of music game patent in Korea, China and Japan and we analyze market change through the cases. We recommend policy for this industry development.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.153-175
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• 2013

The issue of patent validity becomes a subject of dispute under the FTA and there is a definite difference of opinion between China, Japan, and Korea. In other words, the validity of a judgment on the patent was exclusively under the jurisdiction of the administrative agency at a particular patent office. Thus, the issue arises where there is a potential judgment on patent validity. In this case, the Supreme Court rather than the patent office can offer a judgment from a judicial institution and can make a judgment in the case of a medication. In China, however, the lowest possibility of judgment on patent validity is predicted to occur in judicial institutions. Such a judgment is recognized as the Grand Bench Decision in Korea, and the court can judge the patent validation rather than the patent office. That is just the case in the Kilby case-it is invalid for reasons obvious in Japan. Therefore, there is a substantial difference between the three countries. Especially in Japan, where after the Kilby case, they revised the patent law in 2004 to introduce Article 104-3, placing the judgment of patent validity in the court, even if the "Apparentness"is not requisite. Per this law, infringers can argue for patent invalidity not only the judgment of the patent invalidation but also the infringement lawsuit. From the point of view of Japan, Korea became the judgment of trademark validation by extension and obvious cases can become directly to judge through the Supreme Court about the right that needs to examinations and registrations. In terms of the mediation, it also provides a clue about the judgment of intellectual property validation and expands the scope of the mediation in the future. From now on, in order to have active mediation procedures in the three countries, China, Japan, and Korea would need to unify regulations and application scopes for mediation in the FTA negotiation and to look forward to achieve a vigorous mediation approach.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.102-105
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• 2008

The most common abnormality of the umbilicus in the foal is the patent urachus. Patent urachus may be a congenital or acquired condition in foals in which the urachus fails to close spontaneously at or shortly after parturition. A 17-day-old male Thoroughbred foal was requested to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of Cheju National University. The foal showed clinical signs such as umbilical urination, anorexia, depression, lethargy, and abdominal pain for 10 days. Because of the umbilical urination, the surgery for patent urachus was performed, but he died next day. Grossly, many pale yellowish foci 10-20 mm in diameter were scattered on the throughout surface of lungs. Severe subcapsular hemorrhage was observed in left kidney. Large milky yellow mass 10X6-7 cm in size was found in the adjacent area of right kidney. Histopathologically, many abscesses with bacterial cocci were scattered in the blood vessels or adjacent pulmonary parenchyma of lungs. Severe numerous abscesses with intralesional bacterial cocci were mostly occupied in the abdominal mass from right kidney. Gram staining for tissue sections demonstrated numerous Gram positive cocci in pulmonary and abdominal abscesses. In bacterial culture, catalase-positive beta-hemolytic colonies were isolated and confirmed as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus by Vitek system. Based on the results, acquired patent urachus and then multiple abscesses may be originated from the umbilical cord infected with S. aureus in this foal.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 2019

Capstone design is a very important college course that enhances students' creativity and skills. However, in most universities, the operation of capstone design is operated by the experience and intuition of the advisor, and it is somewhat lacking in the generation of useful results such as patent rights and technology start-up from the capstone design result. In this study, we proposed a performance - based capstone design operation model through patent linkage so that the capstone design class can create creative and useful results. The proposed operating model includes support for research on prior art of patent information utilization, patent right of idea, and technology commercialization. The proposed operating model was directly applied to the capstone design class in the university, and it was confirmed that useful results such as expansion of the scope of the research achievement and technology start - up were created compared to the existing operation model.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

Since technological innovation is such an important factor that it can determine a company's economic growth and competitive enhancement, all the companies make lots of investments and efforts for technological innovation. As outcomes of technological innovation, there are patents, trademark and copyrights, etc. and they are mostly approved as a legal right called 'Intellectual Property Right'. To activate such an intellectual property right, financing techniques are needed for enterprises to raise funds through collaterals, such as technological and intellectual patents. In reality, however, any IP-related financial system is not really activated due to the lack of surety-related regulations in Korea. Thus, on the premise that it is important to carry out an objective and reliable valuation on IP as a collateral for the activation of IP finance, this study intends to investigate various different methods of patent valuation needed for IP finance.