• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

This study covered the Mulmae, architectural drawing recorded on Yeonggeon-uigwes and Sanleung-uigwes during the late Joseon Dynasty. In uigwes, the term 'Mulmae' was used as a mixture until the 17th century, but from the 18th century, the term 'Mulmae(勿乙每, 勿每, 水每)' was unified into 'Mulmae(水每)'. The paper of the Mulmae was made to be used during the construction period by using a thick oil paper called Yudun. Four Yudun were connected, and its size was 197.4×141cm, which was rather large. The Yingzaofashi(營造法式) of Song Dynasty describes how to draw a longitudinal section on a scale of 1/10. The scale of 1/10 was the maximum when comparing the size of the Mulmae with the buildings in uigwes. A sectional drawing of Gongpo in Geunjeongjeon was drawn on a scale of 1/10. There is a testimony that a senior carpenter drew a cross-section on a scale of 1/10. Therefore, it was determined that the scale of the longitudinal section drawn on the Mulmae paper was 1/10. The term 'the Mulmae' was used equally by carpenter active in Japanese colonial era. The scope of the painting was clarified from pillar to rafter. Uigwes records that the Mulmae was made for wood processing. Through this, it can be understood that the Mulmae painted the entire structure as a longitudinal section.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2002

Objectives : To identify the risk factors of dementia among the elderly in a large city. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2001, with potential participants selected by stratified two stage cluster sampling of the elderly population of Keumgog dong, Busan. A total of 452 elderly people aged 65 years and over, underwent a two phase diagnostic procedure. Mini-mental State Examination-Korean (MMSE-K) and Samsung Dementia Questionnaire were used for the 1st stage, and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), the Bartel ADL, and IADL Index, the Korean Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), the Modified Hatchinski Ischemic Scale (MHIS), and other laboratory tests were used for the 2nd stage. Results : Of the 446 participants finally chosen, 45 were confirmed with dementia, and 363 as normal, with the rests not confirmed with dementia or as normal, were excluded from the analysis. According to the logistic regression analysis, the risk of dementia was significantly higher In: people aged 80 and above (OR=4.36, 95% CI=1.97-9.62), illiterate (OR=3.58, 95% CI=1.71-7.46), who had a history of strokes (OR=6.35, 95% CI=2.71-14.87), or who had 3 history of hyperlipidemia (OR=4.74, 95% CI=1.65-13.61), compared to their counterparts. Conclusions : These results suggest that efforts to prevent strokes and hyperlipidemia can significantly decrease the risk of dementia.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.7-15
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• 2016

The cross-sectional shape factor is used worldwide to evaluate the scientific performance of fire-resistant structures. In South Korea, however, a system for applying a cross-sectional shape factor has not been arranged and circular or rectangular steel pipes are commonly used for large-scale steel frame buildings. On the other hand, coating material-spray steel beams and pillars that have received the certification of a fire-resistant structure from recognized organizations are mostly limited to a H-beam. A H-beam is granted a wide range of certifications without size limitations from a non-loading performance test with test standards based on the relevant provisions. Other types of steel pipe are to be certified for fireresistance according to shape. In this study, a cross-sectional shape factor was used to propose standard testing specifications for the application of coating material-sprayed circular and rectangular steel pipes, eventually to set the scope of certification for reasonable fire-resistant structures.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2018

Sand Compaction Piles (SCPs) are constructed by feeding and compacting sand into soft clay ground. Sand piles have been installed with irregular cross-sectional shapes, and mixtures of both sand and clay, which violate the design requirement of circular shape according to the replacement area ratio due to various factors, including side flow pressure. Therefore, design assumptions cannot be satisfied according to the conditions of the ground and construction and the replacement area ratio. Two case histories were collected, examined, and interpreted in order to study the effect of the shape of SCPs. The effects of the distortion of SCP shape and the mixture of sand and clay were studied with the results of large direct shear tests. The design internal friction angle was secured with the irregular cross-sectional sand piles regardless of the replacement area ratio. The design internal friction angle was secured regardless of mixed condition when the mixture of sand and clay was higher than the replacement area ratio of 65%. Therefore, systematic construction management is recommended with a replacement area ratio below 65%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6527-6534
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• 2015

Background: In Japan, in comparison with the rest of the world the death rate of lung cancer is low although the smoking rate is relatively high. This is the so-called "Japanese smoking paradox". A healthy diet is proposed to attenuate the risk without quitting smoking. We here examined the relationships between smoking status (SS) and the consumption of food and nutrient in Japan. Materials and Methods: Totals of 5,587 men and 2,718 women were divided into three (non-smokers, smokers and heavy smokers) and two (non-smokers and smokers) groups, respectively, according to pack-year, which represents the amount of smoking over a long period. Food and nutrient consumption was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Using general linear models, food and nutrient consumption was estimated for each group in men and women, separately. Results: In men, SS was positively related to consumption of rice, 3 alcoholic beverages, carbohydrate, alcohol and other 8 foods/nutrients (p< 0.05 for all) and negatively to those of protein animal, fat, fatty acids, dietary fiber, isoflavones and 36 other foods/nutrients (p<0.05 for all). In women, SS was positively associated with intake of 13 foods/nutrients, while being negatively associated with those of rice, energy, dietary fiber, and 14 other foods/nutrients (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions: Our results support lower intake of vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidants, which are thought as preventive factors for many diseases, in smokers.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2019

Objective : This study is aimed to application possibility and status of pattern identification in middle and high school students. Method : This study was cross-sectional study. We recruited 277 students through school doctor program of Seongnam city in 2017. Male students are 66 in middle school, 32 in high school. Female students are 117 in middle school, 62 in high school. For pattern identification, we used the tool of Qui Xui Shui pattern identification in students. Students fill questionnaires in inquiry of pattern identification and Korean medicine doctor diagnosis inspection and palpation of students. Results : Among 277 students, no pattern identification were 114(41.2%). It appeared in the order of phlegm, blood deficinecy, qi deficiency, qi stagnation and qi reversal. Qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi reversal, blood deficiency and phlegm pattern are statistically significant by gender except blood stagnation. of 277 students, 105 (37.9%) had one more pattern identification. Conclusions : This study showed possibility of Qui Xui Shui pattern for student health management. In the future, large scale follow up study will be needed to clarify the relationship of pattern identification and student's health.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate sub-health status (SHS) of people living in China during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection-induced acute infectious disease, which is featured by universal susceptibility and strong infectivity, and SHS (a status of low quality health) refers to a status of low-quality health. COVID-19 has gradually developed into a global pandemic, making the public in a high stress situation in physiological, psychological and social states in the short term. Methods: From March 6 to 11, 2020, a large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted by convenient sampling, and SHS assessment scale was used in the questionnaire. The ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors affecting SHS. Results: In this study, 17,078 questionnaires were delivered with 16,820 effective questionnaires collected, and 10,715 subjects (63.7%) were found with SHS, with moderate SHS primarily. Physiological sub-scale scored the highest, followed by psychological and social sub-scales. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that man, only-child, workers and farmers were risk factors of SHS. Protective factors of SHS included living in rural areas and townships, laid-off retirees and education degree. Conclusion: It shows many people in China place in a poor health status during COVID-19 pandemic. It is necessary that relevant departments pay more attention to people with poor health such as men, only-child, urban people, workers and farmers, and groups with high education degree during and after pandemic stabilization.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2021

Objectives: The Indonesian government issued large-scale social restrictions (called Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, or PSBB) at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to control the spread of COVID-19 in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Greater Jakarta). Public compliance poses a challenge when implementing large-scale social restrictions, and various factors have contributed to public non-compliance with the regulation. This study aimed to determine the degree of non-compliance and identify the factors that contributed to public non-compliance with the PSBB in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 839 residents of Greater Jakarta participated in this study. Data were collected online using a Google Form, and convenience sampling was undertaken. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the relationships between public non-compliance with the PSBB regulation and socio-demographic variables, respondents' opinion of the PSBB, and social capital. Results: A total of 22.6% of subjects reported participating in activities that did not comply with the PSBB. The variables that most affected non-compliance with the PSBB were age, gender, income, opinion of the PSBB, and social capital. Conclusions: Strengthening social capital and providing information about COVID-19 prevention measures, such as washing one's hands with soap, wearing masks properly, and maintaining social distancing, is essential. Robust public understanding will foster trust and cooperation with regard to COVID-19 prevention efforts and provide a basis for mutual agreement regarding rules/penalties.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2022

The ancient underground cities are a collection of self-supporting spaces that have been manually excavated in the soil or rock in the past. Because these structures have a very high cultural value due to their age, the study of their stability under the influence of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, is very important. In this research, while introducing the underground city of Ouyi Nushabad located in the center of Iran as one of the largest man-made underground cities of the old world, the analysis of dynamic stability is performed. For this purpose, the dynamic stress-displacement analysis has been performed through numerical modeling using the finite element software PLAXIS. At this stage, by simulating the Khorgo earthquake as one of the large-scale earthquakes that occurred in Iran, with a magnitude of 6.9 on the Richter scale, dynamic analysis by time history method has been performed on three selected sections of underground spaces. This study shows that the maximum amount of horizontal and vertical dynamic displacement is 12.9 cm and 17.7 cm, respectively, which was obtained in section 2. The comparison of the results shows that by increasing the cross-sectional area of the excavation, especially the distance between the roof and the floor, in addition to increasing the amount of horizontal and vertical dynamic displacement, the obtained maximum acceleration is intensified compared to the mapping acceleration applied to the model floor. Therefore, preventive actions should be taken to stabilize the excavations in order to prevent damage caused by a possible earthquake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2023

Prestressed Concrete (PSC) girders are divided into pre- and post-tension types as prestressing method, and I- and U-type as cross-sectional shape. There are both advantages and disadvantages depending on each prestressing method and cross-sectional shape, and each method is applied to bridge construction sites. In this study, a new girder design was attempted to develop that overcomes its shortcomings by using the pretension method and U-type cross sectional shape. Its structural performance was verified in this study. Pretension type girders are mainly manufactured in factories because they require a reaction arm and related facilities, and have the disadvantage of being limited in weight and span length for road transportation. In addition, in the case of the U-type cross-section, structural stability is very reliable during construction against overturning, but its own weight is relatively large comparing to I-type, and the post-tension method is mainly applied after on-site production. In this study, a PSC girder manufacturing method using the field pretension was proposed and a span length of 40 m real-scale test specimen was manufactured and verified its structural performance.