• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2017

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that take significant roles in extracellular matrix degradation and therefore linked to several complications such as metastasis of cancer progression, oxidative stress, and hepatic fibrosis. Hizikia fusiformis, a brown algae, was reported to possess bioactivities, including but not limited to, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory partly due to bioactive polysaccharide contents. In this study, the potential of H. fusiformis against cancer cell invasion was evaluated through the MMP inhibitory effect in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. H. fusiformis crude extract was fractionated with organic solvents, $H_2O$, n-BuOH, 85% aqueous MeOH, and n-hexane (n-Hex). The non-toxicity of the fractions was confirmed by MTT assay. All fractions inhibited the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 according to the gelatin zymography assay. Cell migration was also significantly inhibited by the n-Hex fraction. In addition, both gene and protein expressions of MMP-2 and -9, and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs) were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The fractions suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 while elevating the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, with the $H_2O$ fraction being the least effective while n-Hex fraction the most. Collectively, the n-Hex fraction from brown algae H. fusiformis could be a potential inhibitor of MMPs, suggesting the presence of various derivatives of polysaccharides in high amounts.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of allergen removed Rhus verniciflua (ARV) on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which is considered to have a clinically important role in tumor metastasis. Methods : The inhibitory effects of standardized extract of ARV on the MMP-2, MMP-9 were investigated by spectrofluorometer while the inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 were investigated by zymography. Antimetastatic effect of standardized extract of ARV was investigated in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel. Results : The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2 (IC50, $1.01{\mu}g$/ml), active MMP-9 (IC50, $2.5{\mu}g$/ml) depending on concentrations which was determined by spectrofluorometer. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 depending on concentrations which was determined by zymography. However its inhibitory effect on pro MMP-9 was relatively weaker rather than active MMP-2, pro MMP-2. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel according to concentration. Conclusions : These results indicate that standardized extract of ARV has antimetastatic effect through inhibit again MMP-2, MMP-9. Also its inhibitory effect is more powerful on active MMP-2, pro MMP-2 than on active MMP-9, pro MMP-9. It is necessary to conduct further studies on other MMP families, TIMP, and each component of standardized extract of ARV.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.219-223
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• 1999

Various bacterial strains that secret extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme were screened from kimchi, a traditional vegetable fermented food in Korea. Three microbes of them were identified to be Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis and Micrococcus luteus strains according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It was found that B. amyloliquefaciens, B. brevis and M. luteus produced 2.58, 1.48 and 2.03 plasmin unit/mL of fibrinolytic enzyme, respectively. All extracellular proteases showing the fibrinolytic activity were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography assay and we propose that some of the fibrinolytic enzymes from this work are novel enzymes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consists of several geometric isomers of linoleic acid. CLA is found in foods derived from ruminants and exhibits strong anticarcinogenic effects in a variety of animal models. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in cancer progression. Specifically, MMP-2 and -9, which hydrolyze the basal membrane type IV collagen, are involved in the initial breakdown of collagen and basement membrane components during tumor growth and invasion. However, the effects of CLA on cancer cell motility and MMP expression and activity are not currently well known. Therefore, the present study examined whether CLA reduces the activity of MMP and cell motility in SW480 and SW620 cells, the human colon cancer cell lines. Gelatin zymography and Western blot analysis revealed that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced the activity and protein expression of Mr 92,000 MMP-9 in both cell lines. To examine whether CLA inhibits the MMP activity, cells were incubated with 100 ngfmL PMA in the presence of various concentrations of CLA. PMA-induced MMP-9 activity was decreased by 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW480 cells, and by 10 $\mu$ M and 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW620 cells. Results from the Hoyden chamber assay showed that cell motility was increased by PMA and that PMA-induced cell motility was significantly decreased by 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW480 cells. These results indicate that CLA may reduce the motility and MMP activity in human colon cancer cells.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.160-170
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study was performed to find the activities and characteristics of purified thrombolytic enzymes from Holotrichia extracts. 2. Methods In the first time, a coarse enzyme fluid was made by using the freedried Holotrichia extracts. After manufacturing total soluble proteins and purifing enzymes, it was evauluated the activities and characteristics of this enzyme's dissolving capability to fibrin and thrombus. This study was taken using azocasein assay, fibrin-plate method, native-PAGE and fibrin zymography. 3. Results A soluble proteins were efficiently extracted form freezedried Holotrichia extracts. And, this purified enzyme had a ten times fibrinolytic capability compare with ustulation Holotrichia sample. In native PAGE and fibrin zymography, Holotrichia extracts showed the respectable fibrinolytic activity. Also, It had higher thrombolytic activities compared with general thrombolytic enzyme 'plasmin'. In experiment of various protease inhibitors of the purified enzyme from Holotrichia extracts on the azocaseinolytic activity, the enzyme was strongly inhibited by EDTA ${\cdot}$ EGTA, and weakly by APMSF ${\cdot}$ PMSF ${\cdot}$ TPCK. 4. Conclusion Holotrichia extracts has the thrombolytic activities, and it will operate directly th fibrin-clot and thrombus.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.288-292
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• 2011

Objective : Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been known to play an important role in secondary inflammatory reaction after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and to determine their relationship with disruption of endothelial blood-barrier after photochemically induced SCI in rats. Methods : Female Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g (aged 8 weeks) received focal spinal cord ischemia by photothrombosis using Rose Bengal. Expressions and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were assessed by Western blot and gelatin zymography at various times from 6 h to 7 days. Endothelial blood-barrier integrity was assessed indirectly using spinal cord water content. Results : Zymography and Western blot analysis demonstrated rapid up-regulation of MMP-9 protein levels in spinal cord after ischemic onset. Expressions and activities of MMP-9 showed a significant increased at 6 h after the photothrombotic ischemic event, and reached a maximum level at 24 h after the insult. By contrast, activated MMP-2 was not detected at any time point in either the experimental or the control groups. When compared with the control group, a significant increase in spinal cord water content was detected in rats at 24 h after photothrombotic SCI. Conclusion : Early up-regulation of MMP-9 might be correlated with increased water content in the spinal cord at 24 h after SCI in rats. Results of this study suggest that MMP-9 is the key factor involved in disruption of the endothelial blood-barrier of the spinal cord and subsequent secondary damage after photothrombotic SCI in rats.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2719-2724
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of annexin a1 (ANXA1) and provide molecular evidence to support that decreased ANXA1 expression could enhance cancer migration and invasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry of a tissue microarray with 162 surgically resected PDAC specimens was performed to examine the expression of ANXA1. We also investigated the relationship between ANXA1 expression and clinicopathological factors and prognosis of PDAC patients. We further studied the role of ANXA1 in PDAC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by cell proliferation assay, migration assay and matrigel invasion assay with reduced ANXA1 expression by RNAi. Western blotting was used to detect matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression. We also detected MMP-9 enzyme activity by gelatin zymography. Results: Decreased expression of ANXA1 was significantly associated with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage of PDAC patients (p<0.05). Moreover, decreased expression of ANXA1 was correlated with poor survival (p<0.05). Furthermore, we found that ANXA1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest, increased PDAC cell migration and invasion capacity compared with controls. In addition, Western blotting showed that ANXA1 knockdown increased the MMP-9 protein level and decreased TIMP-1 expression. Gelatin zymography showed that MMP-9 enzyme activity was also elevated. Conclusions: Negative ANXA1 expression is a most unfavorable prognostic factor for PDAC patients. ANXA1 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and increases migration and invasion of PDAC cells through up-regulating MMP-9 expression and activity, implying that ANXA1 may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2007

Background: Angiogenesis mediated by VEGF constitutes a new target for anti-cancer therapy which has explored through different ways of intervention aiming at the blocking of the tumoral angiogenesis. In the present study, we developed the assays by which efficacies of anti-VEGF inhibitor candidates are evaluated at the various levels. Methods & Results: First, we developed two sandwich ELISAs using coated anti-VEGF Ab and soluble Flt-1 receptor fusion protein (sFlt-1/Fc). As low as 200 pg/ml of hVEGF diluted in human sera was detectable by these assays. In addition, we found that VEGF inhibitors ($2{\mu}g/ml$ of either anti-VEGF Ab or sFlt-1/Fc) completely block 5 ng/ml VEGF in these ELISAs. Subsequently, two bioassays, wound healing and HUVEC tube formation assays, revealed that anti-VEGF Ab $(1{\mu}g/ml)$ & sFlt-1/Fc Ab $(1{\mu}g/ml)$, or SU5416 (VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, $1{\mu}M$) prevents the activity of VEGF $(1{\sim}10ng/ml)$. Finally, secretion of MMP-9 by VEGF-stimulated macrophages was abolished by treatment of anti-VEGF Ab $(1{\mu}g/ml)$ in gelatin zymography. Conclusion: ELISAs together with bioassays developed in this study are appropriate for evaluation of the efficacy of inhibitors of VEGF.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also designated matrixins, hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix. These proteinases playa central role in many biological processes, such as embryogenesis, normal tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and in diseases such as atheroma, arthritis, cancer, and tissue ulceration. In previous data, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D (CD) inhibited NO-induced apoptosis, dedifferentiation, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and prostaglandin $E_2$ production in chondrocytes cultured on plastic or during cartilage explants culture. In this study, we investigated the effects of the actin cytoskeleton architecture on MMP-2 expression and dedifferentiation by CD in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were prepared from cartilage slices of 2-weeks-old New Zealand white rabbits by enzymatic digestion. CD was used as a disruptor of actin cytoskeleton. In this experiments measuring CD dose response, primary chondrocytes were treated with various concentrations of CD for 24h. The actin disruption was determined by immunostaining. MMP-2 expression levels were determined by immunoblot analysis and Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and MMP-2 activity was determined by gelatin zymography. We found that cell morphological change and up-regulation of MMP-2 expression by CD as determined via immunostaining, gelatin zymography and immunoblotting. Moreover, CD induced MMP-2 transcription was detected by RT-PCR. Also, CD-induced type II collagen expression was inhibited by MMP-2 inhibitor I treatment. Our results indicate that CD up-regulated MMP-2 activation causes dedifferentiation of articular chondrocyte.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.808-822
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• 2014

넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus)로부터 elastase-like serine protease (PoElSp)를 암호화하는 cDNA를 클로닝하여 그 서열을 분석한 결과, PoElSp 유전자는 269 아미노산을 암호화하는 978염기쌍으로 구성되었다. PoElSp 유전자의 조직 특이적 발현 양상을 RT-PCR법으로 조사한 결과, 간, 비장 및 소장에서 그 발현이 크게 나타났다. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 인위적 세균감염을 유도한 후, 1시간째에 콩팥에서, 3시간째에는 근육에서, PoElSp 유전자의 발현이 크게 증가하였다. 또한, 이 유전자의 발현은 비장에서 LPS 주입 후 1-24시간동안 점차로 증가하였다. pro-mature PoElSp (proPoElSp)에 해당하는 cDNA를 pET32a 벡터 시스템을 이용하여 대장균에서 발현시켰다. 이 재조합 proPoElSp 단백질의 활성은 gelatin zymography 방법과 합성형광 Z-Phe-Arg-AMC의 분해법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 단백질 분해효소 활성을 위한 최적 pH는 7.5였다. 실험결과들을 종합하면, PoElSp 단백질은 면역 반응에서 중추적 역할을 하리라 판단된다.