• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.485-491
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• 2013

Rhodiola spp. and red ginseng have been used for food and medicinal applications in disease chemoprevention in many Asian countries. Increased oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been proposed to be a major cause of muscle fatigue. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of a fermented hot-water extract mixture from Rhodiola sachalinensis and red ginseng (MFR) on cell damage and the antioxidant enzyme system in $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 myoblasts were treated with various concentrations of NFR (non-fermented Rhodiola sachalinensis extract), FR (fermented hot-water extract from Rhodiola sachalinensis) and MFR for up to 5 days after the standard induction of differentiation, followed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. MFR treatment dose-dependently protected oxidative damage of C2C12 cells. The treatment with MFR also enhanced mRNA expressions of MyoD, Cu/Zn SOD, Mn-SOD and GPX up to 16%. These results indicate that MFR exerts an anti-oxidative effect through a mechanism (s) that may involve the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, which may be important for the cellular redox environment in muscle cells.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 1997

A selective method for the determination of iron(III) ion with a sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) modified glassy carbon electrode was proposed. It was based on the electrostatic attraction and complexation of the SDS modifier, $(DS^-)_n-Fe^{3+}$. The determination of iron(III) ion was performed by a differential pulse voltammetry(DPV), and the reduction peak potential of $(DS^-)_n-Fe^{3+}$ was +0.466(${\pm}0.002$)V vs. Ag/AgCl. For the determination of iron(III) ion, a linear calibration curve was obtained within the iron(III) ion concentration range of $0.50{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}10{\times}10^{-5}mol/L$, and the detection limit was $0.14{\times}10^{-5}mol/L$. $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ showed little or no effect on the determination of iron(III) ion, respectively. But, ion such as each $CN^- $ and $SCN^-$ interfered seriously.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.254-260
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• 2014

In this study, heavy metals, PCDD/PCDFs, PAHs in wastes generated from thermal processes were analyzed. Waste from lead thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 04) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in the highest concentrations of Pb. EWC 10 04 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from zinc thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 05) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in high concentration of Zn. EWC 10 05 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from copper thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 06) Cu in the 651,77 mg/kg to 651 times higher than regulation standard appeared in the copper thermal metallurgy process seems to be a result of dust. The concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 0.0005~11.748 ng-TEQ/g in dust, 0.0027 ng-TEQ/g in fly ash. PCDD/PCDFs content was not detected in excessive value in regulation standard. PAHs concentration was in the range of ND~118.9 mg/kg in Naphthalene, ND~9.6 mg/kg in Phenanthrene, ND~48.4 mg/kg in Benzo[b]fluoranthene, ND~62.6 mg/kg in Benzo[a]pyrene, ND~10.7 mg/kg in Fluoranthene, ND~11.5 mg/kg in Benzo[a]anthracene.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of environmental factors and heavy metals on the growth and phosphorus removal capacity of Alcaligenes sp., which was well known as one of PAOs(Phosphorus Accumulating Microorganisms). METHODS AND RESULTS: The environmental factors used in this study were temperature, pH and carbon sources, and the heavy metals included Cu, Cd, Zn, As, and Ni. The growth and P removal efficiency of Alcaligenes sp. was maximal as temperature, pH, and carbon source were $25^{\circ}C$, 7, and glucose+acetate, respectively. Also, the $IC_{50}$(median inhibitory Concentration) values of Alcaligenes sp. for the Cu, Cd, Zn, As, and Ni were 5.03, 0.08, 0.73, 282.20 and 4.74 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Based on the results obtained from this study, it appears that the growth and P removal efficiency of Alcaligenes sp. were affected by the environment factors and at the best optimum condition for its growth and P removal efficiency, as the concentrations of heavy metals were gradually increased, its growth was correspondingly decreased.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.571-576
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• 2002

Recombinant E. coli DH5 ${\alpha}$/pSB311 was made by cloning the genes encoding bacterial luciferase and aldehyde substrate proteins from Photohabdus luminescense, to complement defects of Lumistox, which is normally used in bioassays to monitor toxic substances in water environmental systems. The conditions for stable light production by the recombinant strains were investigated with respect to cell growth stage, cell number, and buffer conditions. The optimum growth stage was a middle-exponential stage with an OD$_{660nm}$ value of 0.6-0.7. ADout 10$^{6}$-10$^{7}$ cells per test tube was optimum for stable light emission. The effect of buffer was not significant if an optimum viable cell number was maintained. The bioluminescence of the recombinant E. coli harboring the lux operon of Photohabdus luminescense was not affected by temperature, while the bioluminescence of Lumistox was temperature sensitive. The recombinant E. coli was more sensitive to heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn) than Lumistox, because it does not require high concentrations of NaCl in the buffer.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.375-384
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• 2011

The effects of mixed beans on quality characteristics of traditional soybean paste (Doenjang) were investigated. The proximate composition of the soybean paste (Doenjang) met traditional food standard requirements. The range in salinity was 12.30~13.20%, and the salinity decreased with an increase in the amount of mixed beans. A significant difference in pH values occurred in all samples(p<0.05). The Hunter's 'L ($45.06{\pm}0.41$)' and 'b ($13.89{\pm}0.73$)' values of the TDM2 samples were higher than those of other samples. The highest amounts of malic acid of the organic acids are shown. The order of the amino acid content was aspartic acid > leucine > lysine, and that of free amino acid contents were proline > glutamic acid > arginine. The order of mineral content in the soybean pastes was Na > K > Ca > Mg, but levels of Co, Cu, and Zn were not detected. The traditional soybean paste (Doenjang) had an effective DPPH radical scavenging activity and higher phenolic content compared to those of the control sample. Overall acceptability score of the TDM2 (soybean 1 : mixed beans 1) was higher than that of the others. More research is needed to enhance the quality and functionality of traditional soybean paste.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2018

In this study, optimum extraction conditions for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash(SSA) were investigated. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to determine optimal recovery conditions for Ca-P type phosphorus by using calcium component in the recycled aggregate residue. The phosphorus content of sewage sludge ash was confirmed to be 5.0 %. When $H_2SO_4$ was used as an extract, concentration of 1 N $H_2SO_4$, L/S ratio of 10, and extraction time of 30 min were found to be the optimal extraction conditions. Phosphorus was extracted by using optimal extraction conditions, and then the heavy metals eluted with phosphorus were removed using 1~20 g of cation exchange resin. In 20 g of cation exchange resin, Fe 71.3%, Cu 82.4%, Zn 79.9%, and Cr 15% were removed. After that, the mixing ratio of the calcium extract obtained from the recycled aggregate residue (RAR) was changed to 1:1, 1:5, 1:10. The pH of the SSA to RAR mixture was adjusted to 2, 4, 8 and 12 by the addition of 5 N NaOH to the mixture of 1:5, and the phosphorus was recovered as Ca-P type precipitate. The optimum pH was 8. When recycled aggregate residues were used, the weight of calcium phosphate increased, but the amount of wastewater generated also increased. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of recycled aggregate residue was not economically feasible.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2013

The concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in sand samples collected from selected children's playground and their correlation with environmental parameters, such as concentration of particulate matter in the atmosphere ($PM_{10}$), apartment age (> 5 years), clay and organic matter contents in sand samples, were analyzed. The average heavy metal concentration in samples was 0.040 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cd, 0.200 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cr, 1.75 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu, 15.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Ni, 3.42 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Pb, 66.7 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn and 0.750 mg $kg^{-1}$ for As, all of which were below the environmental regulatory level established by Korea Ministry of Environment. However, in the consideration of direct and oral exposure by children to playground sand, the risk of the concentration range in the samples might be greatly enhanced. Heavy metal concentration in samples collected from high $PM_{10}$ (> $70{\mu}gm^{-3}$) area was slightly greater than in samples from low $PM_{10}$ (< $70{\mu}gm^{-3}$), indicating the contribution of particulate matter in air phase to heavy metal concentration in playground sand samples. The concentrations of both Cd and Pb were the highest in apartments older than 21 years (0.050 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 5.28 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cd and Pb respectively) and showed positive correlation with apartment age (p<0.01 and p<0.001 for Cd and Pb, respectively). Clay content in playground sands ranged 3.8~11.2% and was positively correlated with heavy metal concentration. Organic matter content was negligible (mostly < 0.1%) and showed poor correlation with heavy metal concentration. In conclusion, concentration of heavy metals in playground sand was found to be predominantly influenced by the apartment age and clay content in sand samples and supplemented by dust deposition of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) from atmosphere.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2009

Among 27 Bacillus sp. isolated from Meju, a traditional Korean soybean fermented food, a strain MJ-226 was selected due to its strong fibrinolytic activity, and it was identified to be Bacillus subtilis MJ-226 according to morphological and biochemical characterization and sugar utilization. The fibrinolytic enzyme of B. subtilis MJ-226 was maximally produced by cultivating in the Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for 24~26 h at $37^{\circ}C$, and the enzymes activity was promoted with adding glucose, fructose, peptone or yeast extract to TSB. The fibrinolytic enzyme was stable at the range of pH from 6.0 to 8.0, and between 35 and $40^{\circ}C$. Also, when the crude enzyme was exposed to various metal ions and chemical inhibitors for 12 h, the enzyme stability was maintained by $MnSO_4$, $CaCl_2$, KCl, and NaCl. However, the stability was destroyed by treatment with $CuSO_4$, $MgSO_4$, $ZnSO_4$, $FeSO_4$, and $BaCl_2$, and the enzyme was unstable in the presence of chemical inhibitors such as iodoacetic acid, leupeptin, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), thiourea, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1992

Pinus pollen is used as the chief ingredient for Song-wha-dashik (Korea's traditional pattern-pressed candy). It has been the food stuff indispensable especially on the occasion of performing ancestral rites and holding a banquet since Shilla and Koryo Dynasty. In this paper, therefore, a new examination is made of the nutritive ingredients of the very Pinus pollen. Analysis has been made of the proximate composition, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and free sugars of the Pollen of both Pinus densinora Siebol et Zuccarini and Pinus rigida Miller. In the proximate composition, Pinus rigida Miller is high except in free sugar ; crude ash (4.0%), crude protein (15.0%), crude fat (2.5%), crude fiber (17.5%). A lot of minerals have been found in both the samples. They contain Mg, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn, etc. In heavy metals, both the samples contain the same quantity of Cd(0.3 ppm) and the contents of Pb, Cu, and As are lower than the maximal limit permitted for food stuff. The contents of vitamin B$_1$, B$_2$, vitamin C are a little higher in Pinus rigida Miller : in vitamin E, on the contrary, Pinus densiflora Siebol et Zucarini (1.6 mg) doubles Pinus rigida Miller (0.8 mg). In free sugars, the results is as follows : 6.6%/6.9% in sucrose : 0.2% in fructose : 2.1% /2.9% in glucose respectively.