• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2007

For the assessment of representative and longitudinal Zn nutriture in South Koreans, Zn, phytate and Ca intakes were determined using four consecutive years of food consumption data taken from Korean National Nutrition Survey Report (KNNSR) every 10 years during 1969-1998. The nutrient intake data are presented for large city and rural areas. Zn intake of South Koreans in both large city and rural areas was low during 1969-1988 having values between 4.5-5.6 mg/d, after then increased to 7.4 (91% Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, EAR = 8.1 mg/d) and 6.7 mg/d (74% EAR) in 1998 in large city and rural areas, respectively. In 1968, Zn intake was unexpectedly higher in rural areas due to higher grain consumption, but since then until 1988 Zn intake was decreased and increased back in 1998. Food sources for Zn have shifted from plants to a variety of animal products. Phytate intake of South Koreans during 1969-1978 was high mainly due to the consumption of grains and soy products which are major phytate sources, but decreased in 1998. The molar ratios of phytate:Zn and millimmolar ratio of phytate${\times}$Ca:Zn were decreased due to the decreased phytate intake in South Koreans, which implies higher zinc bioavailability. The study results suggest that Zn nutriture has improved by increased dietary Zn intakes and the decreased molar ratio of phytate:Zn in South Koreans in both large city and rural areas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1995.11b
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• pp.41-41
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• 1995

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1995.11b
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• pp.61-61
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• 1995

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 1999

Zinc nutriture in South Koreans was evaluated by estimating Zn, Ca, and phytate intake, and the molar ratios of phytate : Zn and the millimolar ratios of phytate $\times$ Ca Zn. food consumption data from the 95 National Nutrition Survey was used. For the present study, data from the nationwide, large city and urban area level were used. No standard deviation measures were provided in the 95 National Nutrition Survey : only mean values were reported. Nationwide daily intake of Zn and Ca were 10.1 mg/day and 426.5 mg/day, respectively. The estimated daily phytate intake was 1676.6 mg/day nationwide. The molar ratio of phvtate : Zn, the millimolar ratio of phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn and the phytate $\times$ Ca Zn mmol per 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal) were 15.9, 168.9 and 91.8 in nationwide, respectively. The major food groups for zinc intake were meat, poultry products (43%), and cereals and grain products (18%). Sixty two percent of Zinc was from animal food sources. Cereal and grain products supplied most of the phytate intake (46%), followed by seasonings, fruits, and legume products. The major food source of phytate was rice (39%) . The results of the present study suggest that Zn status of Koreans maybe influenced by high dietary intake of phytate and high molar ratios of phytate : Zn and phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn. These results raise concerns about Zn status of Koreans, who consume a diet higher in phytate than Western diets. further research is necessary to confirm whether such poorly available dietary Zn has any impact on the health of Koreans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 1984

This study was performed to investigate the effect of various levels of Zn(0, 30, 3000 ppms) and different kinds of lipid(corn oil, sesame oil or butter.) in the diet upon lipid metabolism and Zn & Cu concentration in various organs and tissues in weanling rats. The results obtained were summarized as following : 1) Food consumptions, body weight gains and F.E.R.s showed no significant differences among groups. 2) The contents of total lipids and total cholesterols in serum tended to increase with increase in lipid saturation and Zn levels. Those in per g liver were higher in butter groups and tended to be higher in low Zn groups. Total lipids contents in per g muscle tended to be higher in butter and high Zn groups, but total cholesterols contents in per g muscle tended to be higher in corn oil and low Zn groups. 3) Liver, serum and fecal Zn concentrations tended to be higher in high Zn groups than other Zn groups. The Cu concentrations in liver and serum tended to be lower in high Zn groups. On the contrary, the Cu concentrations in urine tended to be higher in high Zn groups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.148.2-148
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• 2001

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.374-382
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• 2004

The concern of the antioxidant micronutrient status in normal healthy people, including antioxidant trace minerals such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se is focused since systemic oxidation is involved in various chronic diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the concentration of trace minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) which are considered as potential antioxidant minerals in plasma, red blood cells (RBCs) and urine in normal healthy Korean subjects. The 760 subjects (male 341, female 419; mean age 54.2 $\pm$ 18.9) were recruited from the rural, urban and metropolitan city in South Korea. Dietary intake was evaluated using 24-hours recall for general major nutrient intake assessment. The trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) concentrations in plasma, RBCs, and urine were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer (ICP) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Cu and Zn levels in plasma, RBCs and urine in normal healthy South Koreans were within the normal range of those mineral levels, but Mn and Fe levels were higher compared to the normal range of those mineral levels. None of the selected trace mineral levels in plasma and RBC's was lower than the normal range value. The results showed that Zn and Cu levels in plasma and RBC's in Korean were within the normal range, and plasma and urinary Mn and Fe levels were higher than the normal reference values. Potential antioxidant trace mineral (Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) levels in Koreans are within or a bit higher than the normal range.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

To study antioxidant role of zinc, the effects of dietary zinc deficiency and vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation were studied. Levels of zinc and vitamin E in blood and liver were also measured. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats aging 8 weeks old were used as experimental animals. Zinc deficient diet (Zn, 0 ppm), zinc normal diet (Zn,36.5 ppm), and vitamin E supplemented diet (1,000 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol/kg of diet) were used as experimental diet. During the first three weeks, rats were divided into zinc normal (ZnN, 8 animals) and zinc deficient (ZnD, 32 animals) group. Eight rats from each group were sacrificed to get blood and liver after 3 weeks of experiment. The remaining 24 zinc deficient rat were then divided into zinc normal (ZnDN), zinc deficient (ZnDD), vitamin E supplemented (ZnDE) diet groups. After another 3 weeks of experiment, all animals were sacrificed as well. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc (TBARS) levels in plasma and liver, conjugated diene levels in liver were measured as lipid peroxidation index. There were no significant differences in food intake, body weight gain, and food efficiency ratio among groups. Weights of liver per 100 g body weight were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in Zn levels in serum. Plasma and liver TBARS level, and liver conjugated diene level were significantly lower in ZnDE than in ZnDN or ZnDD, and significantly higher in ZnDD than in ZnDN. Therefore, it seems that lipid peroxidation is accelerated by dietary zinc deficiency and recovered partly by vitamin E supplementation.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 156 growth retarded preschool children who were randomly assigned to the following five groups : supplemental control (S-control; n=28); zinc supplementation (＋Zn; 3.5mg Zn/day, n=34); zinc and calcium supplementation (＋ZnCa; 3.5mg Zn ＋ 250mg Ca/day, n=37); zinc, calcium and vitamin A supplementation (＋ZnCaVA; 3.5mgZn ＋ 250mgCa ＋ 200gVA/day, n=28); and calcium and vitamin A supplementation (＋CaVA; 250mgCa ＋ 200gVA/day, n=29). Another 34 children of normal height were selected as a normal control (N-control). Supplementation continued for twelve months. After supplementation, the height gains in the ＋Zn group (7.84cm per year) and the ＋ZnCa group (7.70 cm per year) were significantly higher than that in the S-control group (6.74 cm per year, P＜0.05). The weight gain in the ＋ZnCaVA group (2.55kg per year) and the ＋CaVA group (2.57 kg per year) was also significantly higher than that in the S-control group (2.19 kg per year, P＜0.05). The average number of days of illness in each group taking supplements was lower than that in the S-control group (13 days per year compared with 23 days per year). No significant differences in bone maturity were observed between the groups. In conclusion, in this study Zinc and Zinc ＋ Calcium supplementation improved the height gain, and vitamin A improved the weight gain, in growth retarded preschool children, but these supplements did not affect the maturity of bone. Micronutrient supplementation also lowered the morbidity of these children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2007

Zn is an essential nutrient that is required in humans and animals for many physiological functions, including immune and antioxidant function, growth, and reproduction. The present study evaluated whether Zn deficiency would negatively affect bone-related enzyme, ALP, and other bone-related minerals (Ca, P and Mg) in rats. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of the three different Zn dietary groups, such as Zn adequate (ZA, 35 mg/kg), pair fed (PF, 35 mg/kg), Zn deficient (ZD, 1 mg/kg) diet, and fed for 10 weeks. Food intake and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. ALP was measured by spectrophotometry and mineral contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass, spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Zn deficient rats showed decreased food intake and body weight compared with Zn adequate rats (p<0.05). Zn deficiency reduced ALP activity in blood (RBC, plasma) and the tissues (liver, kidney and small intestine) (p<0.05). Also, Zn deficiency reduced mineral concentrations in rat tissues (Ca for muscle and liver, and Mg for muscle and liver) (p<0.05). The study results imply the requirement of proper Zn nurture for maintaining bone growth and formation.