• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.433-439
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• 1996

Major components affecting nonenzymatic browning in stored ginger paste were investigated using five synthetic model solutions.　The model systems were stored at $40^{\circ}C$ for 30 days and analyzed for browning, in addition the contents of sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acids, amino acids and gingerols were determined. Among the chemical components, fructose, asparagine and ascorbic acid were the main contributors to the browning development of ginger paste, while gingerol compounds were browning inhibitors.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2000

Embryogenic callus cultures of Korean native Seosanjong of ginger(Zingiber of officinale Rosc.) were induced through stem explants taken from in vitro shoot-tip cultures. Among the four concentrations of 2,4-D tested in Murashige and Skoog medium, 0.5 and 1 mg/L of 2,4-D was most effective in inducing embryogenic callus. Leaf explants did not express any new morphogenetic response in all 2,4-D concentrations tested. Plantlets transferred to hormone-free MS medium were developed and successfully acclimatized under greenhouse.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.219-222
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• 2000

For the purpose of establishing an efficient propagation through airlift bioreactor system of Zingiber of officinale Rosc. Korean native Seosanjong, the effect of different factors and bioreactor on cultured plantlets were investigated. The highest number of plantlets, fresh weight per plant was obtained from explants when cultured in MS liquid medium including 0.3 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L kinetin for 40 days. A 10 L bottle type bubble bioreactor, compared with 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, was more efficient, producing 4.7 plantlets or from 1.5 to 1.6 times more than did the Erlenmeyer flask. The results demonstrate the rapid mass propagation of airlift bioreactor to produce normal ginger.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.518-521
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• 2009

High productivity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was obtained from the rhizome produced by shoot-tip culture with Korean native variety, Seosanjong. Seed rhizomes induced by shoot-tip culture were successfully established in the field. The rhizomes induced by both plant or rhizome were higher in emergence rate and faster in days to emergence than those of home seed production. The seed rhizome production induced by shoot-tip culture was two times heavier than that of home seed production. These results suggest that shoot-tip culture might be one of mass propagation methods in seed rhizome of ginger plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1135-1139
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• 1997

Major factors inhibiting nonenzymatic browning in stored ginger paste were investigated using aqueous model systems with temperature, water activity, pH and sulfur compounds. Browning index and total gingerols were measured during storage. The rate of nonenzymatic browning reactions showed a strong depencence on temperature and pH and a negligible influence on water activity. It was also reduced by the addition of 0.04% N-actyl-L-cysteine(NAcCys), effectively. Activation energies for aqueous ginger model systems with and without 0.04% NAcCys were 29.0 and 25.8kcal/mole, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2011

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a well-known herb that is widely consumed as spice for the flavoring of foods. As part of our continuing search for bioactive materials, the in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition and antioxidant properties of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Z. officinale were investigated. The total phenolic content was determined using a spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant efficacies of the extract was studied with radical scavenging assays using DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals. Further more, the antiobesity effect of the extract was evaluated by porcine pancreatic lipase assay. In particularly, the pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from Z. officinale was significantly higher than that of the other solvent-soluble portions. The results suggest that Z. officinale may have therapeutic potential that may be useful in development of an anti-obesity agent or its precursors.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2016

Zingiber officinale Roscoe has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. This study aims to re-examine the therapeutic potential of co-administration of natural products and cancer chemotherapeutics. Candidate material for this project, ${\alpha}$-zingiberene, was extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and ${\alpha}$-zingiberene makes up $35.02{\pm}0.30%$ of its total essential oil. ${\alpha}$-Zingiberene showed low $IC_{50}$ values, $60.6{\pm}3.6$, $46.2{\pm}0.6$, $172.0{\pm}6.6$, $80.3{\pm}6.6$ (${\mu}g/mL$) in HeLa, SiHa, MCF-7 and HL-60 cells each. These values are a little bit higher than $IC_{50}$ values of general essential oil in those cells. The treatment of ${\alpha}$-zingiberene produced nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in SiHa cells, and the percentage of sub-diploid cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner in SiHa cells, hallmark features of apoptosis. Mitochondrial cytochrome c activation and an in vitro caspase-3 activity assay demonstrated that the activation of caspases accompanies the apoptotic effect of ${\alpha}$-zingiberene, which mediates cell death. These results suggest that the apoptotic effect of ${\alpha}$-zingiberene on SiHa cells may converge caspase-3 activation through the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm. It is considered that anti-proliferative effect of ${\alpha}$-zingiberene is a result of apoptotic effects, and ${\alpha}$-zingiberene is worth furthermore study to develop it as cancer chemotherapeutics.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.568-575
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• 2018

In order to discover lifespan-extending compounds made from natural resources, activity-guided fractionation of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) ethanol extract was performed using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. The compound 6-gingerol was isolated from the most active ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and showed potent longevity-promoting activity. It also elevated the survival rate of worms against stressful environment including thermal, osmotic, and oxidative conditions. Additionally, 6-gingerol elevated the antioxidant enzyme activities of C. elegans, and showed a dose-depend reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in worms. Further studies demonstrated that the increased stress tolerance of 6-gingerol-mediated worms could result from the promotion of stress resistance proteins such as heat shock protein (HSP-16.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-3). The lipofuscin levels in 6-gingerol treated intestinal worms were decreased in comparison to the control group. No significant 6-gingerol-related changes, including growth, food intake, reproduction, and movement were noted. These results suggest that 6-gingerol exerted longevity-promoting activities independently of these factors and could extend the human lifespan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1677-1684
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• 2018

Objective: To find biological functions such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities in several tropical plants and to investigate the possibility of antibiotic substitute agents to prevent and treat diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Plants such as Poncirus trifoliata fruit (Makrut), Zingiber officinale Rosc (Khing), Areca catechu L. (Mak), Solanum melongena L. I (Makkhuayao), and Solanum melongena L. II (Makhurapro) were extracted by methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. The free radical scavenging activities were measured using 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl photometric assay. Antibacterial activities with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were observed by agar diffusion assay against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sp., Haemopilus somnus, Haemopilus parasuis, Clostridium perfringens, and Pantoea agglomerans. Results: Poncirus trifoliata fruit methanol extract showed antibacterial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Additionally, this showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Burkholderia sp. and Haemopilus somnus with MIC $131{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Areca catechu L. water extract showed antibacterial activities against Burkholderia sp., Haemopilus somnus, and Haemopilus parasuis. The MIC value for Haemopilus parasuis was $105{\mu}g/mL$ in this. Antioxidant activity of Zingiber officinale Rosc n-hexane extract showed 2.23 mg/mL effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) value was the highest activity among tropical plants extracts. Total polyphenol content in Zingiber officinale Rosc methanol extract was $48.4{\mu}g/mL$ and flavonoid content was $22.1{\mu}g/mL$ showed the highest values among tested plants extracts. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that tropical plants used in this study may have a potential benefit as an alternative antibiotics agent through their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2012

6-Shogaol, a dehydrated form of 6-gingerol, is a minor component in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and has recently been reported to have more potent bioactivity than 6-gingerol. Based on the thermal instability of gingerols (their dehydration to corresponding shogaols at high temperature), we aimed to develop an optimal process to maximize the 6-shogaol content during ginger extraction by modulating temperature and pH. Fresh gingers were dried under various conditions: freeze-, room temperature (RT)- or convection oven-drying at 60 or $80^{\circ}C$, and extracted by 95% ethanol at RT, 60 or $80^{\circ}C$. The content of 6-shogaol was augmented by increasing both drying and extraction temperatures. The highest production of 6-shogaol was achieved at $80^{\circ}C$ extraction after drying at the same temperature and the content of 6-shogaol was about 7-fold compared to the lowest producing process by freezing and extraction at RT. Adjustment of pH (pH 1, 4, 7 and 10) for the 6-shogaol-richest extract (dried and extracted both at $80^{\circ}C$) also affected the chemical composition of ginger and the yield of 6-shogaol was maximized at the most acidic condition of pH 1. Taken together, the current study shows for the first time that a maximized production of 6-shogaol can be achieved during practical drying and extraction process of ginger by increasing both drying and extracting temperatures. Adjustment of pH to extraction solvent with strong acid also helps increase the production of 6-shogaol. Our data could be usefully employed in the fields of food processing as well as nutraceutical industry.