• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.253-257
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• 2011

Amikacin is a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin and primarily active against aerobic Gram-negative-pathogens with limited activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Meager study was reported on pharmacokinetic data on multi-days administration of amikacin. Hence, pharmacokinetics study was done in five clinically healthy goats (n = 5), after intravenous bolus injection of amikacin sulfate at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight daily for three consecutive days. The amikacin concentrations in plasma and pharmacokinetics-parameters were analyzed by using microbiological assay technique and noncompartmental open-model, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations (Mean ${\pm}$ SD) of amikacin at time zero ($Cp^{0}$) was $114.19{\pm}20.78$ and $128.67{\pm}14.37{\mu}g/mL$, on day 1st and 3rd, respectively. The mean elimination half-life ($t_{1/2}ke$) was $1.00{\pm}0.28h$ on day 1st and $1.22{\pm}0.29h$ on day 3rd. Mean of area under concentration-time curve ($AUC_{0{\rightarrow}{\infty}}$) was $158.26{\pm}60.10$ and $159.70{\pm}22.74{\mu}g.h/mL$, on day 1st and 3rd respectively. The total body clearance ($Cl_{B}$) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) on day 1st and 3rd were $Cl_{B}=0.07{\pm}0.02$ and $0.06{\pm}0.01L/h.kg$ and $Vdss=0.10{\pm}0.03$ and $0.11{\pm}0.05L/kg$, respectively. No-significant difference was noted in both drug-plasma concentration and pharmacokinetics-parameters, respectively. Amikacin concentration in plasma was found higher up-to 4 h and 6 h onward on down-ward trends favour to reduce toxicity. Which also support the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic way of dosing of aminoglycosides and hence, amikacin may be administered 10 mg/kg intravenously daily to treat principally Gram-negative pathogens and limitedly Gram-positive-pathogens.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2000

Background : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are well known environmental pollutants. The measurement of PAH in ambient air is not commonly used, because it is quite difficult to perform and is unreliable. Using biomarkers of PAH can be an alternative approach to this problem. The PAH in ambient air is absorbed in particulate matter. Total suspended particulate(TSP) or particulate matter of less than $10{\mu}m$ in diameter (PM10) can be easily measured. Therefore, TSP or PM10 can be used as a surrogate measurements of ambient air PAH. Objectives : We investigated whether the urinary concentration of two biomarkers of PAH, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol, could reflect the total suspended particulate in the general population. Methods : In order to exclude the effects of occupational exposure and smoking, first grade middle school students were included in this study. Four middle schools within a one kilometer boundary of ambient air monitoring stations were selected. Total suspended particulate was regarded as the marker of airborne PAH. Diet and smoking data were collected by self administered questionnaires, and spot urine samples were collected. Urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results : The correlation between urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and passive smoking was not statistically significant. The correlation between urinary 1-OHP and TSP indices was not statistically significant. The correlations between urinary 2-naphthol and TSP of two lag days, one lag day, and zero lag days were statistically significant. The statistical significance of two lag days was the strongest (p=0.001), one lag day was the next (p=0.0275), and zero lag days was the weakest (p=0.0349). Conclusion : Our results imply that the urinary concentration of 2-naphthol can be applied as a PAH exposure marker for the general population with low PAH exposure.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2022

이상 탐지는 일반적인 사용자들의 데이터 집합 속에서 비정상적인 데이터 흐름을 파악하여 미리 차단하는 방법이다. 기존에 알려진 방식은 이미 알려진 공격의 시그니처를 활용하여 시그니처 기반으로 공격을 탐지 및 방어하는 방식인데, 이는 오탐율이 낮다는 장점이 있지만 제로 데이 취약점 공격이나 변형된 공격에 대해서는 매우 취약하다는 점이 문제점이다. 하지만 이상 탐지의 경우엔 오탐율이 높다는 단점이 존재하지만 제로 데이 취약점 공격이나 변형된 공격에 대해서도 식별하여 탐지 및 차단할 수 있다는 장점이 있어 관련 연구들이 활발해지고 있는 중이다. 본 연구에서는 이 중 이상 탐지 메커니즘에 대해 다뤘다. 앞서 말한 단점인 높은 오탐율을 보완하며 그와 더불어 이상 탐지와 분류를 동시에 수행하는 새로운 메커니즘을 제안한다. 본 연구에서는 여러 알고리즘의 특성을 고려하여 5가지의 구성으로 실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과로 가장 우수한 정확도를 보이는 모델을 본 연구의 결과로 제안하였다. Extra Tree와 Three layer ANN을 동시에 적용하여 공격 여부를 탐지한 후 공격을 분류된 데이터에 대해서는 Extra Tree를 활용하여 공격 유형을 분류하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 NSL-KDD 데이터 세트에 대해서 검증을 진행하였으며, Accuracy는 Normal, Dos, Probe, U2R, R2L에 대하여 각각 99.8%, 99.1%, 98.9%, 98.7%, 97.9%의 결과를 보였다. 본 구성은 다른 모델에 비해 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1777-1787
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 황-이용 독립영양 탈질을 위한 경제적이면서도 효율적인 알칼리원의 선정을 위하여 숯, 연탄재, 패각 및 석회석을 대상으로 희분식 실험 및 연속실험을 실시하여 $NO_3{^-}-N$ 부하에 따른 탈질효율을 파악하였다. 희분식 실험 결과 패각 및 석회석이 가장 우수한 산 중화능력을 보였으나, 넓은 표면적을 가진 패각이 석회석보다 알칼리도 공급능력이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 황과 패각간의 혼합비는 1/1 (V/V)이 가장 효율적인 것으로 판단되었다. $NO_3{^-}-N$의 농도를 증가시키면서 수행한 연속실험 결과, 116 g $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$의 부하까지는 90% 이상의 탈질효율을 나타내었으나, 145 g $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$의 부하에서는 탈질효옳이 48%로 악화 되었다. 제거된 $NO_3{^-}-N$ 1 g당 생성된 $SO_4{^{2-}}$의 양은 평균 7.02 g으로 이론값인 7.54 g보다 낮게 나타났다. $NO_3{^-}-N$의 탈질은 반응속도상수가 평균 0.146/hr인 1차 반응으로, 그리고 $SO_4{^{2-}}$의 생성은 반응속도상수가 평균 -53.1 mg/L-hr인 0차 반응으로 나타났다. $NO_3{^-}-N$의 탈질량에 비례하여 가스가 발생되었는데, 질소 물질수지를 따진 결파 제거된 질소중 71~109%, 평균 90%가 $N_2$가스로 회수되었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.23.1-23.7
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• 2016

The effects of daily feeding frequency (Exp I), water temperature (Exp II), and stocking density (Exp III) on the growth of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, juvenile fish of 10 and 40 g in body weight were examined to develop effective techniques to produce river puffer in a non-exchange water system. In Exp I, fish were fed commercial floating feed with 45 % protein one to five times per day to apparent satiation each by hand daily for 8 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$. In both the 10- and 40-g size groups, the final body weight, daily feed consumption, and weight gain of fish fed one meal per day were significantly lower than those of fish fed five meals per day (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the final body weight, daily feed consumption, and weight gain among fish fed two, three, and five meals per day. Feed efficiency showed decreasing tendency with increasing size of fish. In Exp II, fish of 10 and 40 g in initial body weight were reared with the commercial feed at $15-30^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. The weight gain of fish increased with raising water temperature up to $25^{\circ}C$ and decreased drastically at $30^{\circ}C$ for both sizes. The Q10 of specific growth rate was decreased with raising water temperature from 5.04 (temperature interval, $15-20^{\circ}C$) to 0.66 ($25-30^{\circ}C$) for the 10-g fish and from 4.98 to 0.31 for the 40-g fish. In Exp III, the effect of stocking density on growth was examined with fish of 10 and 40 g in initial body weight. The final body weight for initial stocking densities of 4, 8, and $12kg/m^3$ was significantly higher than that of $20kg/m^3$ for the 10-g fish, and the final stocking density reached 10.1, 19.2, 28.7, and $39.9kg/m^3$, respectively. For the 40-g fish, the final body weight for initial stocking densities of 3 and $6kg/m^3$ was significantly higher than that of 9 and $15kg/m^3$ and the final stocking density reached 7.38, 13.5, 17.1, and $27.5kg/m^3$, respectively (P < 0.05). In both groups, weight gain tended to decrease with increasing stocking density; however, survival showed no significant difference.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.255-266
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• 2022

Background: A previous study reported the effectiveness and patient satisfaction in the dental emergency unit (DEU) of the Pitie Salpetrière Hospital in Paris before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The same methodology was used during the COVID-19 pandemic to compare pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction during the two periods. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 2020 (NCT04354272) on adult patients. Data were collected on day zero (D0) on site and then by phone during the daytime on day one (D1), day three (D3), and day seven (D7). The primary objective was to assess the pain intensity at D1. Secondary objectives were to assess pain intensity at D3 and D7, anxiety intensity at D1, D3, and D7, and patient satisfaction. Patients were evaluated on a 0-10 numeric scale on D1, D3, and D7; mean scores were compared with non-parametric statistics (ANOVA, Dunn's). Results: A total of 445 patients were given the opportunity to participate in the study, and 370 patients consented. Seventy-one were lost during follow-up. Ultimately, 299 patients completed all the questionnaires and were included in the analysis. In the final sample (60% men, 40% women, aged 39 ± 14 years), 94% had health insurance. The mean pain scores were: D0, 6.1 ± 0.14; D1, 3.29 ± 0.16; D3, 2.08 ± 0.16; and D7, 1.07 ± 0.35. This indicates a significant decrease of 46%, 67%, and 82% at D1, D3, and D7, respectively, when compared to D0 (P < 0.0001). The mean anxiety scores were D0, 4.7 ± 0.19; D1, 2.6 ± 0.16; D3, 1.9 ± 0.61; and D7, 1.4 ± 0.15. This decrease was significant between D0 and D7 (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Perception of general health improved between D1 and D7. The overall satisfaction was 9.3 ± 0.06. Conclusion: DEU enabled a significant reduction in pain and anxiety with high overall satisfaction during COVID-19, which was very similar to levels observed pre-COVID-19 pandemic.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1998

The winter-resident Korean bats, Murina leucogaster ognevi, show a circadian cycle of thermoregulation and locomotion in summer, as do other bat species in temperate regions. They are most active between dusk and dawn with body temperature (Tb) of 35-4OC, and are usually torpid in their roost sites for the rest of day with their Tb close to ambient temperature (Ta) of around 15C. The present study was conducted to determine thermogenic and thermolabile properties of the heterothermic bats that would influence their daily feeding activities and ultimately, their energy conservation strategy. Testing on active male Murina, resting metabolic rate (RMR, gauged by oxygen consumption rate) at the lower limit of thermoneutral zone (31C) was 2.0 L kq-1 h-1. The regression slope of RMR below the thermoneutral zone (an index of metabolic thermal sensitivity) was -0.38 L $kg^{-l} h^{-1} C^{-1}$. The metabolic rate at the roost Ta (15C) was 4.5 times the lowest RMR in the active state but becomes nearly zero in the torpid state. This implies that by being torpid during daytime (between dawn and dusk), the individual bats would save about 4.7 kcal each day in mid-summer. Interspecific comparisons of thermal metabolic response over a mass scale suggest that the smaller bats show a relatively higher metabolic rate in thermoneutral zone and a greater thermal sensitivity of metabolism, which follows the general principle seen in homeothermic metabolism. Thermolabile features in metabolic responses seem to be fairly common for these bats in conditions other than a fully active state. Types of thermolabile responses and their energetic significance are discussed.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2016

본 연구는 정보유출에 따른 주가반응을 측정함으로 정보유출이 기업가치에 주는 효과를 분석한다. 정보유출기업은 사건발생 2일 이내에 평균 1.3%의 시장가치를 상실하여 98.9백만원의 손실액이 추산된다. 우리는 원천, 유형, 크기 등 다양한 정보유출 유형에 대한 비정상수익율을 분석하였다. 시장은 외부원천의 정보유출에 유의미한 반응을 하지 않지만, 내부원천의 정보유출에는 통계적으로 유의미한 반응을 보였다. 우리는 60일간의 장기 비정상수익율을 추정하였다. 60일 평균 누적비정상수익율과 매입보유 비정상수익율 모두 유의미한 시장반응을 보인다. 이로써 우리는 정보유출사건 이후 일관된 시장반응이 있다고 결말지을 수 있다. IT기업과 비IT기업의 시장반응 차이는 통계적으로 유의미하다. 그러나 유출규모, 기업크기, 발생시점 등은 유의미한 시장반응을 보이지 않는다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1827-1831
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• 1969

Resulties of research on the capacity of ground water of 994 concrete-pipe-wells and 97 infiltration-gallerys in ground-water-developement-works region executed from March to Julyin 1969, in Choong Chung Nam Do, and research on the quality of ground water for 88 wells for home-use around of River Geum Area, are as fellows: (1) Thickness of aquifer is no more than 2.85m averagely even at river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain area that are estimated to contain ground water mostly. And so, it is guessed that ground water capacity is not much especially. (2) Soil of aquifer of the above area is sand or gravel and it is estimated to be good for ground water developement and its mean permeability coefficient is bout $2.5{\times}10^{-3}$(m/sec), and its porosity is about 33.9%. (3) The quality of ground water is good for irrigation water exception of delta plain area. Warm water plan is to need for irrigation water when water temperature is less than 19 degrees below zero. (4) Prospect of ground water developement, judging from quality and quantity, expects to lay infiltration gallery under the ground at river bed in order to utilize under-flow-water of river bed, river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain that ground level is less than 50m. (5) Collectable water volume of under-flow-water of river bed is about 450 to $750m^3/day$ to be able to irrigate 3ha to 5ha of the cultivated land in case that infiltration gallery length is 50m and its depth is about 5m. (6) Collectable water volume at river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain area, is estimated $150m^3/day$ to be able to irrigated 1ha of the cultivated land.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1997

Constructed wetland system which can be applied to the rural wastewater treatment system was examined by pilot plant in Kon-Kuk University. Hydraulic loading rate of wastewater was about 0.16m$^3$/m$^2$. day and theoretical detention time in the system was 1.38 days. The effluent of the septic tank for the school building was applied as inflow to the system. The influent concentration of DO was zero but effluent was up to 4.37mg/${\ell}$ which implies that oxygen was supplied enough from atmosphere by reaeration to support biological activity of the system. Average influent concentration of BOD was 104mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 24mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 76%. Average influent concentration of COD was 215mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 63mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 70 % . Average influent concentration of SS was 78mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 10mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Two components, BOD and SS, are regulated by law to keep maximum water quality standard of 80mg/${\ell}$ when daily outflow rate is less than 100$m^3$/day which is the case of most rural communities. Therefore, the results from the experiment showed that constructed wetland system can meet the water quality standard easily. Average influent concentration of total nitrogen was 165mg/lwhich is relatively higher than normal wastewater, and effluent was about 156mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of only 6%. Average influent concentration of total phosphorus was 41 mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 6mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Overall, constructed wetland system was thought to be effective to treat wastewater if nitrogen removal mechanism is improved. Considering low cost, less maintenance, and high treatability, this system can be a practical alternative for the wastewater treatment in rural area The experiment was performed during the summer and fall season, and treatment efficiency of the system is expected to decrease in low temperature. therefore, further study including temperature is required to evaluate feasibility of the system more in detail.