• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.424-431
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate resistance and physiological responses of Zelkova serrata Makino seedlings to ozone in open-top chamber. One-year-old seedlings of Zelkova serrata were planted in pots in April and grown in greenhouse until August. The plants were transferred into two out-door open-top chambers with a dimension of 2.0 m in diameter and 2.0 m in height. First chamber served as a control and was supplied with ambient air. Ozone was added to the second chamber for 5 hours per day(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) for 23 consecutive days at 0.1 ppm. Each chamber housed 70 pots. Every two, three or five days after initiation of exposure, ten pots were randomly removed from the chamber and determined for the contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and ${\beta}$-carotene in the leaves. Photosynthesis and dark respiration were estimated by measuring $CO_2$ absorption in a gas exchange chamber and oxygen absorption by oxygen monitoring system, respectively. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the leaves was assayed by a xanthine oxidase method. First visible injury of translucent(water-soaked looking) spots appeared on the leaves 14 days after the initial exposure, and ozone accelerated senescence of old leaves. Contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased by 17%, and 31%, respectively, in ozone treatment two days after exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll b was greater than that of chlorophyll a. Content of ${\beta}$-carotene in ozone treatment decreased by 25% two days after initiation of exposure, but the reduction was recovered with time. Photosynthesis decreased by 45%, and the respiration increased by 28% in the ozone treatment. SOD activity started to increase 4 days after beginning of exposure and increased by 285% 7 days after exposure, and decreased to the level below the control treatment with the advancement of the visible injury.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 2000

The diurnal and seasonal changes of water potential and stomatal diffusive resistance were investigated with the effects of shade treatment to elucidate the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments from full sun to nearly full shading of 2-6% relative light transmittance. Stomatal diffusive resistance measured in the four deciduous hardwood species studied changed variously by growing season and by species with the five shade treatments in the ranges of 1.7~25.1s/cm in 9 a.m., 2.3~33.3s/cm in 1 p.m., and 1.1~36.8s/cm in 5 p.m.. The measurements of stomatal diffusive resistance increased with increasing the shading, and were higher in September than in June or July in most of the species studied. The stomatal diffusive resistance measured in Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii seemed to be approximately 3~4 times higher in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun. Water potential also changed variously by growing season and by species with five different shade treatments in the ranges of -0.17~-1.20MPa in 9 a. m., -0.30~-2.03MPa in 1 p. m., and -0.18~-1.34MPa in 5 p.m., respectively. On the reverse of stomatal diffusive resistance, the measurements of water potential were lower in September than in June or July in most of the species studied, and the seasonal differences were especially greater in Zelkova serrata comparing with the other species. The water potential seemed to be higher of approximately 2~3 times in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun in all of the species studied, but the differences among the shading treatments were less in water potential than in stomatal diffusive resistance. The differences of water potential following the gradient of five shading treatment seemed to be less in Betula platyphylla var. japonica than in the other species. In Acer mono and Prunus sargentii being some shade tolerant species, the water potential increased rapidly through about noontime with raising the shading level from full sun to the intermediate shading level of 22-28% relative light transmittance, but slowly with closing to full shading. In Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Zelkova serrata being shade intolerant species, the water potential increased gradually throughout the shading levels and the increment ranges were greater in Zelkova serrata than in Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.577-584
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• 2009

This study was conducted to verify the types of village forest in Gyeongsan City, North Gyeongsang Province, and a total of 32 village forests were investigated. The result indicated that village forests in Gyeongsan City can be classified as 8 village enterance forests(25.0%), 6 hillside forests(18.8%), 7 streamside forests(21.9%), and 11 village peripheral forests(34.4%). The major tree species in the village enterance forests are as follows: Zelkova serrata(34.3%), Ginkgo biloba(11.2%) and Robinia pseudoacacia(10.5%). The major tree species in hillside forests are: Pinus densiflora(56.8%), Quercus acutissima(26.4%) and Zelkova serrata(4.3%). The major tree species in the streamside forests are: Zelkova serrata(40.4%), Salix chaenomeloides var. chaenomeloides(27.1%) and Cornus wateri(5.5%). The major tree species in the village peripheral forests are: Zelkova serrata(21.7%), Quercus acutissima(10.8%) and Cornus walteri(8.9%). The habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure, the function of habitats for village forests has deteriorated. In order to improve it, the management plan should be implemented and the seedlings of village forest trees should be carefully selected and propagated. Furthermore, the public should be educated about the importance of preserving and developing those village forests.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The pollen analysis on the deposits of the lower marine terrace I of the estimated paleoshoreline height of 18m was performed in order to estimate the formation age of this terrace developed at the Sanha-dong coast, Ulsan, southeastern coast of the Korean peninsula. The pollen assemblage of the peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone (Quercus-Ulmus/Zelkova zone), lying directly on the marine rounded pebble layer of this terrace, shows that the climatic environment of the deposition period of SH-1 pollen zone was almost similar to that of the Postglacial climatic optimum period, but slightly cooler than that of the late warm stage of Last Interglacial(MIS 5a) in the eastern coast of Korea. This heightens the possibility that the deposition period of the marine rounded pebble layer which was covered by the above SH-1 peat layer is the MIS 5e which has been estimated by a previous study of the sedimentary facies of this terrace deposits (Choi, 2016). The pollen assemblage of SH-2 pollen zone (Pinus-Quercus zone) shows that the climate of this period was almost similar to that of the late Postglacial, but slightly cooler than that of the period of SH-1 pollen zone. This means that the climate around the Sanha-dong was still warmer in the deposition period of the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone. Thus, the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone was considered to have been deposited during the period from the early regression stage of the MIS 5d which is the estimated final stage in the deposition period of the above peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone to any stage in which the warmer environment of MIS 5 has still lasted. The humic silt layer of SH-3 pollen zone (Pinus-Ulmus/Zelkova-Abies zone) is assumed to have been deposited during the interstadial of the Last Glacial (MIS 3).

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.156.2-156
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate defects in Zelkova serrata trees using an ultrasonic tomograph (PICUS) and suggest a management plan to maintain it as a natural and cultural resource. In previous study, health information of 16 protected trees were obtained by surveying the following categories; tree appearance, crown, bark, root exposure, water and nutrition, deterioration, pest, vitality, ground status, and pollutant. The average score of health was 16.5 in 16 trees, which means that general monitor is needed for management. In this study, the evaluation result of tree's inside defects using an ultrasonic tomograph showed that 43.8% of decay rate has been found in 16 trees. In fact, some trees look to be good even though they actually have a defects causing broken by natural disaster such as strong wind. Therefore, it is urgent to put some support to the trees and come up with a protective plan. The results of this study would be useful as basic data in developing a guideline for the efficient conservation and management of big and old trees.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.897-902
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify wood species from main pillars of Daeungjeon Hall, the main building of Jeonghyesa Temple located in Suncheon, Jeollanamdo Province in Korea. It was known that this temple had been built in the $8^{th}$ century by Hyeso, a national master in the Unified Silla period, and was designated as Treasure No. 804 in 1984 due to its historic and academic values. The results of wood species identification showed that main pillars from Daeungjeon Hall of the Jeonghyesa Temple were made of hard pine, Korean fir (Abies spp.) and Zelkova tree (Zelkova spp.). In addition to the wood species identification, floor plan documentation was also done to help identify what wood species had been used for main pillars. These results could be applied and utilized for the conservation and restoration of Daeungjeon Hall in future. This study may help with the authenticity of conservation works.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

This study identifies the basic personality types of subjects who use the healing garden and investigates their plants-preference. The purpose of the study is to provide a basic information about planting plan, considered as a main parts of healing garden. Survey results are stated as follows: First, the order of preference of instinct type tree is Prunus yedoensis, zelkova serrata, Phyllostachys Bambusoides. On the other hands, the order of preference of feeling and thinking type is Prunus yedoensis, zelkova serrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Second, the order of preference of instinct type of flowers is Rosa hybrida, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana. However, the preference of emotional type is the order of Rosa hybrida, cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus and the preference of accident type is the order of Rosa hybrida, Hibiscus syriacus, Helianthus annuus. Third, for the color preferences, instinct type prefer yellow color, feeling type and thinking type prefer red color. Lastly, when people view plants, most personality types are interested in flower firstly, and secondly type of tree and scent. In other words, we can assume that people are interested in the flowers, most noticeable in plants. This study will enhance the effectiveness of the healing garden by providing relevant information regarding healing garden planting plan. Future research should consider to widen the range of target of investigation in order to perform additional comparison analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.38-53
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• 1998

This study quantified annual net carbon uptake by urban landscape trees and provided equations to estimate it for Ginkgo biloba, platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum, based on measurement of exchange rate for two years growing seasons from Sep., 1995 to Aug., 1997. The carbon uptake was significantly influenced by photosynthetic capacity, photon flux density and pruning. Ginkgo biloba showed the highest rate of net CO\sub 2\ uptake per unit leaf area and Acer palmatum did the lowest rate among those species. A tree shaded by adjacent building over the growing seasons showed net CO\sub2\ uptake per unit leaf area much lower than another tree of the same species less shaded. Annual net carbon uptake per tree was 19kg for Zelkova serrata, but only 1 kg for Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis with crown volume dwarfed from pruning. One Zekoval serrata tree annually offset carbon emission from consumption of about 32 liter of gasoline or 83 kWh of electricity. Strategies to improve CO\sub 2\ uptake by urban landscape trees include planting of species with high potosynthetic capacity, sunlight-guaranteed road and building layout for street trees, planting of shade-tolerant species in the north of buildings, and relocation of utility lines to underground and minimized pruning.