• 산업보건소식
• /
• 제46호
• /
• pp.3-13
• /
• 1987

For the purpose of investigating the effect of occupational health service in terms of environmental control and health provision of workers on the improvement of worker's health, authors analysed the data of environmental measurement and health check-up of one lead using industry who started his investment to environmental improvement from 1980. Six hundred million won was invested for environmental improvement from 1980 to 1986. This investment brought about apparent improvement of working conditions of all of the workplaces from mean concentration of lead in air over 0.15mg/$m^3$ 1981 to mean concentration of lead in air less than 0.15mg/$m^3$. Environmental control reduced mean blood lead level from 51.2 $\pm$ 11.5ug/이 in 1983 to 39.2 $\pm$ 16.0ug/dl in 1986, and delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration 3.15 $\pm$ 2.1mg/l in 1982 to 1.96 $\pm$ 1. 7mg/l in 1986, respectively. Blood ZPP levels were decreased from 76.1 $\pm$ 58.9ug/dl in 1983 to 42.23 $\pm$ 30.3ug/dl in 1986. If 150ug/dl of blood ZPP is considered as unacceptable limit of lead intoxication, more than 10 percent of workers belonged to this category in 1983, but only 0.5 of workers showed their blood ZPP level over the 150ug/dl in 1986 It was observed that no workers whose work duration were less than one year showed their blood ZPP level over 100ug/dl, but there were high percentages of lead workers with high blood ZPP (over 150 ug/dl) who were working in uncontrolled had working condition and whose work duration were less than one year.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.771-778
• /
• 2006

Previous studies have suggested that delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) phenotype differently affect mineral metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 6-month iron supplementation as syrup of NaFeEDTA in improvement of iron status according to ALAD genotype. One hundred thirty adult women living in rural areas of Asan were provided NaFeEDTA syrup once a week for 6 months at the dose of 64mg Fe/week. Three hundred control subjects were observed during the study period. Fasting blood was obtained for analyzing hemoglobin (Hb) and zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) and serum was analyzed for ferritin, iron and total iron capacity (TIBC) levels before and after iron supplementation. Ninety percent of ALAD 1-1 (ALAD1) and 10% of ALAD 1-2 (ALAD2) genotype were observed in the control group. However in the intervention group, 98% showed ALAD1 while only 2% was ALAD2, which is significantly lower proportions of ALAD2 compared to the control group (p<0.01). The iron status of Intervention group significantly improved except for ferritin and TIBC regardless or ALAD genotype, while the control group did not show any changes in iron status except for ZPP. ZPP concentration of the control group significantly increased in both ALAD1 and 2 while the intervention group showed significantly decreased ZPP after supplementation in ALAD1. Iron supplementation in the form of NaFeEDTA seems to be effective in reduction of ZPP levels although ALAD2 did not show significant changes due to the small number. However, it is difficult to make a conclusion from these results, and more specified further investigation is needed with more participants.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.747-764
• /
• 1996

This study intended to obtain an useful information for health management of lead exposed workers and determine biological monitoring interval in early period of exposure by measuring the lead exposure indices and work duration in all male workers (n=433 persons) exposed less than 1 year in 6 storage battery industries and in 49 males who are not exposed to lead as control. The examined variables were blood lead concentration (PBB), Zinc-protoporphyrin concentration (ZPP), Hemoglobin (HB) and personal history; also measured lead concentration in air (PBA) in the workplace. According to the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, the factories were grouped into three categories: A; When it is below $0.05mg/m^3$, B; When it is between 0.05 and $0.10mg/m^3$, and C; When it is above $0.10mg/m^3$. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in all male workers exposed to lead less than 1 year in storage battery industries were $29.5{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml,\;52.9{\pm}30.0{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.1\;gm/100ml$. 2. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in control group were $5.8{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml,\;30.8{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.7{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml$, being much lower than that of study group exposed to lead. 3. The means of blood lead concentration and ZPP concentration among group A were $21.9{\pm}7.6{\mu}g/100,\;41.4{\pm}12.6{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group B were $29.8{\pm}11.6{\mu}g/100,\;52.6{\pm}27.9{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group C were $37.2{\pm}13.5{\mu}g/100,\;66.3{\pm}40.7{\mu}g/100ml$. Significant differences were found among three factory group(P<0.01) that was classified by the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, group A being the lowest. 4. The mean of blood lead concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $24.1{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $29.2{\pm}13.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $28.9\sim34.5{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 5. The mean of ZPP concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $40.6{\pm}18.0{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $53.4{\pm}38.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $51.5\sim60.4{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 6. Among total workers(433 person), 18.2% had PBB concentration higher than $40{\mu}g/100ml$ and 7.1% had ZPP concentration higher than $100{\mu}g/100ml$ ; In workers of factory group A, those were 0.9% and 0.0% ; In workers of factory group B, those were 17.1% and 6.9% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 39.4% and 15.4%. 7. The proportions of total workers(433 person) with blood lead concentration lower than $25{\mu}g/100ml$ and ZPP concentration lower than $50{\mu}g/100ml$ were 39.7% and 61.9%, respectively ; In workers of factory group A, those were 65.5% and 82.3% : In workers of factory group B, those were 36.1% and 60.2% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 19.2% and 43.3%. 8. Blood lead concentration (r=0.177, P<0.01), ZPP concentration (r=0.135, P<0.01), log ZPP (r=0.170, P<0.01) and hemoglobin (r=0.096, P<0.05) showed statistically significant correlation with work duration (month). ZPP concentration (r=0.612, P<0.01) and log ZPP (r=0.614, P<0.01) showed statistically significant correlation with blood lead concentration 9. The slopes of simple linear regression between work duration(month, independent variable) and blood lead concentration (dependent variable) in workplace with low air concentration of lead was less steeper than that of poor working condition with high geometric mean air concentration of lead. The study result indicates that new employees should be provided with biological monitoring including blood lead concentration test and education about personal hygiene and work place management within $3\sim4$ month.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.251-267
• /
• 1993

연폭로의 정도와 자각증상과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 435명의 연폭로 남자 근로자와 212명의 일반 사무직 남자 근로자를 대상으로 연폭로 지표가 되는 혈중 연, 혈중 Zinc Protoporphyrin(ZPP), 요중 Delta-aminolevulinic acid(DALA), 혈색소, 혈구 용적 측정을 위한 혈액 시료 및 소변 시료를 채취하여 분석하였고, 연관련 자각증상 조사는 14개의 증상 조사 항목을(표 3 및 별첨 1) 피검자가 응답 하도록하여 상담 의사의 면접을 통한 확인을 거쳐 수집 하였다. 수집된 각 항목은 인체 조직계 증상군별로 1) 위장관계 증상 2) 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상 3) 일반 체질적 증상 4) 정신과적 증상으로 구분하여 연폭로 지표 수준과 연폭로 작업 여부에 따른 자각증상 호소율을 비교 조사하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 연폭로군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 자각증상 호소율을 보인 증상군은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다" 순 이었다. 2. 연폭로군과 대조군의 자각증상 호소율에 가장 큰 차이를 보인 증상 항목은 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘 난다"였으며, 전체 조사 대상에서 가장 높은 증상 호소율을 보인 증상 항목은 일반 체질적 자각 증상군의 "전보다 피곤감을 느낀다"였다. 3. 전체 조사 대상의 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락. 손 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"였다. 4 연폭로군에서 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 혈중 연의 증가에 따라 증상 호소율이 증가하였다. 5. 연폭로군에서 39세 이하 와 40세 이상 연령군으로 나누어 비교시 39세 이하 군의 증상 호소율이 40세 이상 군보다 높게 나왔으며. 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상이 39세이하 군에서 혈중 연의 증가와 함께, 40세 이상 군에서 혈중 ZPP의 증가와 함께 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 나타냈다. 6. 연폭로 지표에 따른 폭로수준과 증상 호소율과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 대조군에 대한 폭로군, 연폭로군의 저농도 폭로군에 대한 고농도 폭로군의 교차비를 산출한 결과 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"가 연폭로량의 증가에 따른 교차비의 증가를 보여 양-반응의 관계를 추정할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.499-504
• /
• 1999

Objectives : To evaluate whether a relation between blood lead and zinc proto porphyrin(ZPP) was modified by gender in Korean lead workers. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,304 male and 101 female subjects in 1997. The relation between blood lead and ZPP were evaluated with linear, exponential, and quadratic models. Then, the different effect of gender on the relation was examined by adding the interaction terms in the each model. Results : $Mean{\pm}SD$ of blood lead and ZPP level was different between male$(27.7{\pm}10{\mu}g/dl\;and\;51.3{\pm}23.4{\mu}g/dl)$ and female subjects$(22.5{\pm}9.2{\mu}g/dl\;and\;78.7{\pm}38.6{\mu}g/dl)$. After adjusting for possible confounders, the effect modification by gender was significant in linear$(\beta=1.119,\;p<0.001)$, exponential$(\beta=Exp(0.008),\;p<0.05)$, and quadratic model$(\beta=1.388,\;p<0.001)$. In separate analysis, a quadratic relation between blood lead and ZPP was shown in male lead workers$(\beta=0.036,\;p<0.001)$, but an exponential relation in female lead workers$(\beta=Exp(0.029), p<0.001)$. Conclusion : Our data showed that the increasing rate of ZPP in female were always higher than in male lead workers, suggesting that females were more susceptible to occupational lead exposure than males.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 1986

For the purpose of determinating the normal values of some parameters relevant to lead exposure, a study was carried out from April 1 to June 30, 1986 on 258 healthy Korean adults who have had no apparant lead exposure. The lead indices subjected to this study were as follows; blood lead (PbB), hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood, coproporphyrin in urine (CPU), delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALAU). 1) The mean value of PbB was $17.17{\pm}7.87{\mu}g/100ml$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of PbB fitted to the log-normal distribution ($x^2=7.38$, p>0.1). 2) The mean value of Hb in male ($15.17{\pm}1.56g/100ml$) was higher than in female ($13.22{\pm}1.51g/100ml$)(p<0.01). The distribution of Hb fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=9.40$, p>0.1). 3) The mean value of ZPP was $32.61{\pm}8.78{\mu}g/100ml$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ZPP fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=13.93$, p>0.05). The correlation of ZPP & ALAD (r=-0.229), CPU (r=0.183) was statistically significant respectively. 4) The mean value of ALAD was $30.20{\pm}10.96{\mu}mol$ ALA/min/L of R.B.C., and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAD activity did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between ALAD & PbB (r=-0.219) was statistically significant 5) The mean value of CPU was $36.10{\pm}24.54{\mu}g/L$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of CPU did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between CPU & PbB (r=0.185), ZPP (r=0.183) was statistically signinificant respectively. 6) The mean value of ALAU was $1.94{\pm}0.96mg/L$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAU fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=9.76$, p>0.1).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.287-302
• /
• 1992

1991년 5월 1일부터 약 6개월 동안 남자 1,193명 및 여자 658명을 대상으로 우리나라 도시 거주자들의 혈중 혈색소치, ZPP치 및 연농도를 성별, 연령별로 측정한 결과 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈색소의 평균치는 남자 $14.55{\pm}1.82g/dl$, 여자 $12.61{\pm}1.18g/dl$이었으며. 20세 이상군에서는 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 2. 혈중 ZPP치는 $32.54{\pm}9.88(32.09{\sim}32.99{\mu}g/dl,\;95%\;C.I.){\mu}g/dl$ 이었으며 7세 미만 소아의 혈중 ZPP치는 남아 및 여아가 $37.49{\pm}13.31{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $35.77{\pm}11.85{\mu}g/dl$로 7세 이상군의 남자 및 여자의 $31.91{\pm}8.23{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $30.11{\pm}9.11{\mu}g/dl$보다 유의하게 높았다(p< 0.05). 3. 혈중 연농도는 $23.84{\pm}4.58(23.55{\sim}24.14{\mu}g/dl,\;95%\;C.I.){\mu}g/dl$ 이었으며, 7세 미만 소아의 혈중 연농도는 남아 및 여아가 $25.10{\pm}5.21{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $24.45{\pm}4.18{\mu}g/dl$로 7세 이상군의 남자 및 여자의 $24.28{\pm}3.00{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $21.99{\pm}5.05{\mu}g/dl$보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 요약하면 우리나라 도시 거주인은 남녀 모두 전연령에 걸쳐 높은 혈중 ZPP치 및 연농도를 나타내었으며 이러한 현상은 학동기전 소아에서 더욱 현저하므로 이들에 대한 관리대책 수립이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제37회 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.400-403
• /
• 2011

직경 22 mm 정도의 케이블 절단을 위한 케이블커터의 화약량 예측을 위하여 인스트론을 사용한 정적 절단 시험과 Impact test machine을 이용한 낙하충격 시험을 실시하였다. 인스트론 시험 결과 케이블 절단에 필요한 에너지는 21.3 J로 측정되었다. Impact test는 5종류의 에너지 레벨에서 각각 8번씩 시험하였다. Impact test 시험 결과를 Probit 방법으로 분석한 결과, 99% 신뢰도에서 99.99% 절단하는 에너지는 37.7 J 로 예측되었다. 이 에너지는 ZPP 230 mg 이면 발생 가능할 것으로 판단 된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.421-432
• /
• 1995

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was studied. Eighty nine lead exposed workers who worked in 2 storage battery factories, and seventy one control workers were chosen for this study. Blood lead(PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP) were selected as indicators of lead exposure. As indicators of renal function, urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase(NAG), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(S-Cr), total protein in urine(U-TP),and serum uric acid(S-Ua) were selected. The results obtained were as follows: 1. While the mean values of lead exposure indicators of lead workers were significantly different from non-exposed ones, the mean values of NAG, U-TP, BUN and S-Cr of renal function indicators of exposed were also significantly different from non-exposed but their mean values were all within normal limits. 2. BUN, logarithmic U-TP, logarithmic NAG and S-Cr showed statistically significant correlation with PbB. 3. The proportion of workers whose values of renal function indicators were over the normal limits(NAG7.5 U/g Cr ; U-TP10.9 mg/dl ; BUN20 mg/dl ; S-Crl.2 mg/dl ; S-Ua7.0 mg/dl) by the level of lead absorption in terms of PbB and ZPP were calculated. The proportion of workers with over the normal limits of U-TP among total workers showed the dose-response relationship. When age is adjusted, U-TP showed significantly strong dose-response relationship with the level of PbB and ZPP.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2013

Objectives: This study attempted to develop a method to measure ultra-trace lead concentrations in plasma using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) and to test whether plasma lead can be used as a biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 160 plasma samples of field workers and 42 plasma samples from the control group were measured by ICP-MS. Blood zinc protophorphyrin(ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The mean lead level in the plasma of the workers exposed to lead at work were 786.1 ng/L. Plasma lead levels were not correlated with blood ZPP or urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations. Otherwise, plasma lead levels showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.400 with blood lead levels, and their correlation coefficient had a better value of 0.552 for the non-smoking and drinking group. In the general population group which was not exposed to lead in the workplace and was considered the control group, the mean concentration of plasma lead was 123.1 ng/L. The plasma lead levels for the general population group showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.520 with blood ZPP and urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations.