• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.373-382
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• 2016

Painting or thermally sprayed metal coating is often used in corrosion protection of steel structures. In recently, duplex coating system which combines thermally sprayed metals with paint is selected as a new generic type of coatings on steel structures under the highly corrosive environments. In this study, the structural steel specimens were surface treated, thermally sprayed with zinc, zinc-15%aluminum alloy, aluminum and aluminum-5%magnesium alloy, and finally sealing or painted with acrylic urethane. And as a reference specimens, steel specimens were painted with acrylic urethane after surface treatment. Circular defects with 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mm in diameters and line defect with 2.0 mm width, which reach the steel substrate were created on all specimens. The specimens were exposed into an environmental testing chamber controlled by the ISO 20340, which is a laboratory cyclic accelerated exposure test condition of spraying/UV/low temperature, for up to 175 days. Based on the corrosion tests, corrosion deterioration from the initial defects were evaluated and weathering performance of the specimens are compared.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.398-407
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• 2020

Objective: The Yip1 domain family (YIPF) proteins were proposed to function in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport and maintenance of the morphology of the Golgi, which were homologues of yeast Yip1p and Yif1p. YIPF3, the member 3 of YIPF family was a homolog of Yif1p. The aim of present study was to investigate the expression and regulation mechanism of porcine YIPF3. Methods: Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to analyze porcine YIPF3 mRNA expression pattern in different tissues and pig kidney epithelial (PK15) cells stimulated by polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly [I:C]). Site-directed mutations combined with dual luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to reveal transcription regulation mechanism of porcine YIPF3. Results: Results showed that the mRNA of porcine YIPF3 (pYIPF3) was widely expressed with the highest levels in lymph and lung followed by spleen and liver, while weak in heart and skeletal muscle. Subcellular localization results indicated that it expressed in Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. Upon stimulation with poly (I:C), the level of this gene was dramatically up-regulated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. pYIPF3 core promoter region harbored three cis-acting elements which were bound by ETS proto-oncogene 2 (ETS2), zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4 (ZBTB4), and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 14 (ZBTB14), respectively. In which, ETS2 and ZBTB4 both promoted pYIPF3 transcription activity while ZBTB14 inhibited it, and these three transcription factors all played important regulation roles in tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Conclusion: The pYIPF3 mRNA expression was regulated by ETS2, ZBTB4, and ZBTB14, and its higher expression in immune organs might contribute to enhancing ER to Golgi transport of proteins, thus adapting to the immune response.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-92
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of 6 cavity liners in vitro. Human fibroblasts were cultured in ${\alpha}$-MEM and each liner was manually mixed and filled in glass ring cylinder ($8{\times}8mm$ in diameter, in height). The cylinders filled with the liners were placed in the center of the dish (35mm in diameter) containing 3ml of ${\alpha}$-MEM. Millipore filters (pore size $0.22{\mu}m$) to simulate dentin barrier were also placed between the bottom of cylinder and the dish. Then the culture dishes were stored in 5% $CO_2$ containing incubator for 5 and 10 days at the temperature of $36.6^{\circ}C$. The results of the experiments were analyzed by counting the cells in the period of 5 and 10 days respectively, and were assessed by calculating the cell multiplication rate and the relative growth rate. The experiemntal groups and the control group were compared statistically. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. The cell number of Zinc oxide-eugenol was $(4.13{\pm}1.31){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 days and $(4.32{\pm}1.61){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 10 days. 2. The cell number of Cavitec was ($8.35{\pm}2.87{\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(10.08{\pm}5.10){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days respectively. 3. The cell number of Dycal was $(13.56{\pm}3.89){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 days and $(34.75{\pm}8.85){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 10 days. 4. The cell number of life was $(11.46{\pm}3.32){\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(21.92{\pm}6.18){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 5. The cell number of Base cement was $(13.73{\pm}3.73){\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(36.68{\pm}5.20){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 6. The cell number of Dentin cement was $(13.58{\pm}3.90){\times}10$ cells/ml and $(66.95{\pm}24.09){\times}10$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 7. The cell multiplication rate of zinc oxide-eugenol cements was significantly less than that of the calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement. (P < 0.05)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.922-933
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education using Food Exchange System on elementary students' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. Nutrition education lessons (40 min /lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups and sources of 6 food groups', 'good choice of snacks and eating out' as class lesson, 'daily needed energy and food exchange units' as individual lesson, were provided to 70 elementary students (4th grade 33 students, 5th grade 37 students) in Jeonbuk Province. We assessed the changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, food habit using a questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24 hr recall method by nutrition education. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'functions of carbohydrate', 'functions of protein', 'functions of lipid', 'foods of carbohydrate', and 'foods of lipid'. In dietary attitude, there were significant increases in scores of 'taking a meal with joy', 'taking a meal at ease', 'taking a meal with sufficient protein intake' and 'taking a meal without spicy foods' by nutrition education. There were significant changes in the type of breakfast and in the frequency of snacks. After education, in type of breakfast, it showed higher number of students ate rice oriented meal than they did before education. and in frequency of snacks, it showed lower number of students ate snacks 'over 3 times' than they did before education. In Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat (CPF) ratio (%), it was significantly changed from 55.8 : 17.7 : 26.6 to 63.6 : 15.3 : 21.1. In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc showed positive changes in distribution of number of children by intake level. That is, there were significant improvements in intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc. These results showed that nutrition education using Food Exchange System for elementary students improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. It suggest that nutrition education using Food Exchange System may improve dietary behaviors and reduce an incidence of obesity in elementary students.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 1983

Aqua-regia method is reported for simultaneous determination of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron in high-fat fish tissue. Samples are digested with conc nitric and conc hydrochloric acid in a volumetric flask. After digestion, aqua-regia extracts of samples are analyzed by direct flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The aqua-regia method is compared with dry ashing method and $H_{2}SO_{4}-HNO_{3}$ method. For quantiative determination of calcium, magnesium and zinc, the aqua-regia method and dry ashing method are superior to $H_{2}SO_{4}-HNO_{3}$ method. In case of the other elements-potassium, sodium, manganese, copper and iron-the three methods gave the similar results. Because samples can be processed by aqua-regia method easily, rapidily, cheaply and safely, aqua-regia method is suitable for the routine preparation of a large number of samples simultaneously.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1995

Based upon the lead isotopic compositions of the galenas collected from Pb-Zn ore deposits distributed in the eastern and southern parts of the Gyeongsang basin, we investigated what kinds of source materials were involved in the formation of these ore deposits and compared the lead isotopic characteristics of these ore deposits with those of the ore deposits in the Taebaegsan area. The isotopic compositions of the common leads from Pb-Zn ore deposits in the Gyeongsang basin show the variation with the relatively limited range ($^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb=18.156{\sim}18.377$, $^{207}Pb/^{204}Pb=15.482{\sim}15.638$, and $^{208}Pb/^{204}Pb=37.953{\sim}38.605$). They are plotted on or below ore lead growth curve(Cumming & Richards, 1975) and average crustal lead evolution curve (Stacey & Kramer, 1975). In the plumbotectonic model IV(Zartman & Haines, 1988), they are plotted between the evolution curves of mantle and orogene. But the lead isotopic compositions of the common leads in the Taebaegsan area are plotted on and above upper crust curve. Considering the above-mentioned lead isotopic characteristics, the linear trend shown in the isotopic compositions of the common leads in the Gyeongsang basin can be considered as the mixing isochron between high radiogenic crustal materials such as the Ryongnam massif and low radiogenic materials derived from depleted mantle or materials with relatively low U/Pb and Th/U ratios.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 1988

The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing toxicant-free rapeseed by germination. To this end, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours, and the compositional changes of fatty acids and minerals were determined in every 24 hours during germination. Repeseed slightly decreased it's fat content during germination, whereas it showed a tendency to increase protein content. The contents of oleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, palmitic and arachidic acids in rapeseed before germination were found to be 24.6, 15.5, 10.6, 9.5, 1.0, 2.4 and 5.3% respectively. They were gradually decreased until 96 hours and showed a slight increase in 120 hours during germination. However, there was no significant difference in the variation of fatty acids composition in rapeseed during gemination. The content of minerals-phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron-in rapeseed before germination were 6367, 3068, 2667, 80.3, 26.5, 15.9, and 94.4 ppm respectively and sodium was detected in trace. The mineral contents in rapeseed were gradually decreased in the early period of germination, but showed a slight increase in 120 hours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2022

Maize is one of the world's three largest crops and has a long cultivation history, and is an important crop used for various purposes such as food, feed, and industrial raw materials. Recently, the agricultural environment is changing, in which the limit of cultivation of crops is shifted to the north due to the rise in temperature due to climate change. This study was conducted in experimental field of Suwon in 2022 by setting a seeding period earlier than the sowing time to establish the North Korean agricultural climatic zone and meteorological conditions. The test cultivars were silage cultivars, Kwangpyeongok and Dacheongok. As a priming test method, it was used to directly plant seeds in the field through immersion using 4mM zinc (Zn) and 2.5mM manganese (Mn), which are trace elements for seeds. The planting season was early on March 15th, April 1st, and April 15th. The number of days from sowing to silk stage of the two cultivars sown on March 15, April 1, and April 15 was 107, 93, and 85 days for Kwangpyeongok and 109, 95, and 87 days for Dacheongok, respectively. The seed priming test did not show any difference from the control group in the growth survey up to the middle stage of growth. In another test, low-temperature recovery was confirmed through nitrogen (2-5%) foliar fertilization after 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days in refrigeration (0 degrees), a selective low temperature treatment for com in the third leaf stage. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the low-temperature damaged com treated at 0℃ showed the same growth as that of the untreated com through nitrogen foliar fertilization. These results suggest that urea foliar fertilization for low-temperature damage reduction of corn for silage in high-latitude climates will be helpful. In addition, through the results of the study, additional studies are needed on the recovery mechanism and field application through urea foliar fertilization.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.429-434
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to identify Pb pollution sources of sediments in Lake Andong. We analysed Pb isotopes in sediments from Lake Andong, soils and mining tails from the watershed as well as sludges and wastewater from zinc smelting facilities which exists in upper stream of Lake Andong. The Pb isotope ratios ($^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ and $^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$) for sediments are $0.827{\pm}0.004$ and $2.041{\pm}0.015$, which showed similar values with those of mining tails, $0.815{\pm}0.002$ and $2.016{\pm}0.006$, respectively. The isotopic ratio values of soils existed in the range of 0.756~0.881 and 1.872~2.187. In imported zinc ores, the isotopic ratio values existed in the range of 0.816~0.956 (mean 0.832) and 2.029~2.219 (mean 2.059). These values were similar to those in zinc and lead concentrate originated from Canada and South America. Additionally, isotopic ratio values for sludge and wastewater were $17.515{\pm}0.155$, $15.537{\pm}0.018$, and $37.357{\pm}0.173$, respectively. The Pb isotopic ratio of sediments showed binary combination patterns with soil and mining tails, which were similar to those for Korean Pb ore.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.577-595
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• 2009

This study aimed to reanalyze energy and nutrient intakes of 2007 Korean Nutrition and Health Examination Survey (KNHANES) using CAN-Pro 3.0, a commonly used nutrient analysis software in Korea. Food items and their codes were selected from 2007 KNHANES dietary intake file and converted to food codes of CAN-Pro 3.0 nutrient database (NDB). Of the 1,324 total food items, 1,155 items were converted by direct matching, 123 items were matched using other items in CAN-Pro 3.0 NDB and 42 items were matched using external sources. Consumption frequencies of items converted by direct matching contributed 94.5% of total consumption. Nutrient intakes of 4,091 participants of 2007 KNHANES, over 1 year old, were recalculated using CAN-Pro 3.0 NDB and compared with intakes in 2007 KNHANES dietary intake file. Intakes for energy and all nutrients except protein and Vitamin C calculated by two NDBs were significantly different by paired t-test (p < 0.001), but significantly correlated by Pearson' correlation coefficients (p < 0.001). Percent differences between the NDBs ranged from 0.3% to 15.1%, low for protein, energy, vitamin C, iron, vitamin B$_2$ (below 5%) but high for phosphorus, retinol, vitamin A, and $\beta$-carotene (over 10%). Age group, sex, and their interactions significantly influenced six nutrients (p < 0.05). Intake levels of zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin E, folate and cholesterol were not available in 2007 KNHANES but were calculated by CAN-Pro 3.0. Mean intake levels of zinc, vitamin B$_6$, vitamin E, and folate by age and sex groups revealed that some groups had mean levels below RI (Recommended Intake) or AI (Adequate Intake) levels. Intake level of cholesterol was higher than the recommended level (below 300 mg/day) in some groups, especially males. Results of the present study indicate the need for comparable and more comprehensive NDB to be used for dietary assessment of KNHANES and other researches. More rigorous evaluation of nutrients which have not been reported in KNHANES is needed.