• 아동학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2002

In this study of age differences in the correct judgment of relative size and size comparison strategies, 114 three-, four-, and five-year-old children were asked to judge the relative size of 2 figures. Findings were that older children judged size comparison more correctly than younger children. The 5-year-old children used the strategy of superimposition more frequently than younger children, though children in all age groups most frequently used the strategy of one sided comparison with one side of each figure touching the other. The strategy in which one figure is put on top another with a general shape adjustment led most frequently to correct judgment of the relative size of 2 figures.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.144-157
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• 2000

This study was done to understand nonpharmacologic pain management for pediateric patients and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. The aim of this study was that which method did the patient's use according to the nurses' age, and how did they effectively use these methods in their field. The subjects of this study were 77 nurses working in the Pediatric unit in the Kyung Medical Center from September 2 to 15, 1999 using questionnaire form. The results of this study were as follows : 1. We divided the subjects into four groups : Younger than one year old, 1-6 years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years group. In the group younger one year old, most of the nurses participating in this study used speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch, toys, pacifiers. In the group of 1-6 years, they used speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, distracting attention, story talking, and visual stimulus. In the group of 6-12 years. they used pop-up books, providing information, cold therapy, speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch. In the group of 12-19 years, most of them used providing information, controling respiration and supportive touch. 2. The effective nursing intervention used in their field are speaking in soft quiet tones, pacifiers and nesting with blanket in the group of younger than one year old. Un the group of 1-6 years old, speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, and supportive touch were effective method in the control of nonp-harmacologic pain management. In the group of 6-12 years old, story talking, supportive touch, and speaking in soft quiet tones were effective method and in the group of 12-18 years old, providing information, cold therapy and supportive touch were effectively used to control nonpharmacologic pain management. 3. To compare the general characteristics and non-pharmacologic pain nursing intervention, in the group of younger than one year, touching stimuli is widely used. In the groups of 1-6, and 6-12 years old, visual and audio method were widely used. In the group of 12-18 years old, sensitive intervention were used as well as education, information and guided imagery. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in nurses' demographic characteristics, child's age and nonpharmacologic pain management. There was significant difference only in the nurses working area, that is nurses working in the surgical department used more audio-visual-tactile pain management methods than medical department.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.121-135
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• 2001

This study was purposed to analysis the satisfaction with occupation and family living of husbands and wives involved in the family business management. Analyzed data was the KHPS (Korean Household Panel Study) which was collected by Daewoo Economic Research Institute. Subjects were 646 husbands and wives. Results were as fellows: 1) The family business was preferred by the middle age than younger one. In many cases, size of the family business was smart, but variation was relatively large. 2) Wives'satisfaction with family living was lower than husbands'one. Differences between wife's and husband's satisfaction with occupation were not appeared. 3) As couples'one were younger, as the satisfaction with health and couple's relationships were higher. Especially frequency of the out of meal and vacation experience in the last year were important variables in the satisfaction with family living.4) Frequency of the out of meal was important variable in the explaining the satisfaction with the income, stability, and a bright future of the family business.

• 아동학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-256
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• 2001

This study investigated types of language during dyadic collaboration on 2 spatial perspective problems. Subjects were 3 groups of children consisting of 14 dyads each of boys and of girls paired by age and sex, totaling 168 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old children. The entire procedure was videotaped. Data were processed by t-test and one-way ANOVA. Older children used less ego-centric and more socialized speech than younger children. No age differences were found for degree of exploration without collaboration, quarreling, or nonabstract collaborative explanation. The 10-year-olds used more abstract collaborative explanation, primitive argument, and genuine argument than the 6-year-olds.

• 아동학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.33-47
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• 2002

This study examined the effects of conditions of generation(0, 1, or 2 cognitive operations) and task difficulty in children's recall. Subjects were 40 children in each age group, 8-year-olds and 10-year-olds. Each subject was shown 12 simple or difficult multiplication problems in one of the conditions of generation. After a buffer task, subjects were required to recall correct answers to the problems in random order. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and simple main effect analyses. Results showed that generation effect(GE) occurred among children younger than 12, and GE improved with age. Learning from cognitive operations was more effective than learning through simple repetition. Easier tasks led to greater GE, a phenomenon explained by procedures used in this study.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2010

Malrotation is a congenital anomaly that becomes symptomatic more frequently during infancy. The indication for surgical treatment at that age is straightforward. In older children, the diagnosis may be more difficult because of chronic and vague complaint. The aim of this study is to compare the symptoms, rate of volvulus and surgical findings in children younger and older than one year. A retrospective study of 40 patients in a a single medical center diagnosed with malrotation from April 1996 to May 2010 was performed. There were 20 (50 %) boys and 20 (50 %) girls. At the time of operation, 27 (67.5 %) patients were younger and 13 (32.5 %) were older than 1 year. Vomiting was seen in 20 cases (74.1 %) of the younger group compared to 2 cases (15.4 %) of the older group. Abdominal sonography and upper gastrointestinal series showed a sensitivity of 100%. Operative findings: 12 (44.4 %) of the younger group presented with volvulus compared to none of the older group. The Ladd's procedure was routinely performed with appendectomy in all cases and bowel resection was requires when volvulus included bowel necrosis or other anomalies were found. After definite procedures, surgical correction for adhesive obstruction was necessary in 5 menbers (18.5 %) of the younger group and 1 patient (7.7 %) in the older group. There was 1 death due to respiratory failure and pneumonia. Abdominal pain was more frequent symptom and bilious vomiting was less frequent. Volvulus did not occur in the older group. Malrotation should be diagnosed promptly in children over 1 year of age by upper gastrointestinal series and abdominal ultrasonography even though symptoms are not as clear cut as in infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.773-782
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• 2002

목 적 : 기존의 진단기준을 모두 만족시키지 못하는 비정형적인 가와사끼병이 실제로 1세 미만에서 더 흔히 발생하는지 및 가와사끼병의 심혈관 합병증의 위험인자로 기존에 언급된 바 있는 1세 미만에 발병한 가와사끼병 환아에 있어서 1세 이상 가와사끼병 환아와 비교하여 급성기의 임상양상, 검사실 소견, 관상동맥 병변의 빈도에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고, 이들 비교 분석을 통해 가와사끼병의 발병연령에 따른 좀더 합리적인 진단기준 설정 및 조기치료의 필요성이 있는지에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 1997년 4월부터 2001년 5월까지 49개월간 중앙대학교 용산병원 및 필동병원 소아과에 가와사끼병으로 입원하였던 환아 70례를 대상으로 발병연령이 1세 미만인 환아 17례와 1세 이상인 53례로 나누어 성별, 급성기 임상양상, 입원시 검사실 소견, 급성기, 아급성기 및 회복기의 심초음파 검사 소견 등에 대해 입원 기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 총 70례의 환아 중 1세 미만 환아는 24.3%를 차지하였고 발병연령은 최소 2개월에서 최대 8세였으며(평균연령 26.5개월) 전체 대상아의 남녀비는 1.3 : 1였고 1세 미만군의 남녀비는 3.3 : 1 및 1세 이상군의 남녀비는 1.0 : 1로 1세 미만 환아에서 통계적으로 유의하게 남아에서 호발하였다(P=0.04). 2) 발열시작부터 IVIG을 투여 받기까지의 총 발열일수($4.6{\pm}1.3$ 대 $6.2{\pm}2.5$일, P=0.004)와 발열시작부터 최초의 심초음파 시행까지의 일수($5.2{\pm}1.6$일 대 $7.1{\pm}2.6$일, P=0.01)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 짧았고, 5일 이상의 발열을 보인 경우(70.6% 대 92.5%, P=0.008)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 적었다. 경부림프절 비대를 보인 우(35.3% 대 66.0%, P=0.02)는 1세 미만에서 유의하게 적었다. 가와사끼병의 전형적 임상징후 5개를 모두 보인 경우(41.2% 대 75.5%, P=0.006)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 적었다. 비정형적 기타 임상증상 중 호흡기 증상의 빈도(23.5% 대 50.9 %, P=0.041)는 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 많았다. 3) 입원시 혈청 알부민($4.3{\pm}0.3g/dL$ 대 $3.8{\pm}0.5g/dL$, P=0.005)은 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 낮았고, 혈청 BUN($11.0{\pm}3.9mg/dL$ 대 $8.5{\pm}2.8mg/dL$, P=0.026)은 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 높았으며, 혈청 칼륨($4.8{\pm}0.4mEq/L$ 대 $4.1{\pm}0.4mEq/L$, P<0.001)은 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 4) 심초음파상 심염의 빈도는 급성기, 아급성기, 회복기 모두 두군간 차이가 없었다. 관상동맥확대 빈도는 급성기, 아급성기, 회복기 모두 1세 미만군에서 더 높았으나 통계적 유의성은 급성기(47.1% 대 17.0%, P=0.01)에만 있었고 가와사끼병으로 진단되어 IVIG를 투여한 후인 아급성기 및 회복기에는 두군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 1세 미만에 발병한 가와사끼병 환아에서는 1세 이상군에 비해 전형적인 진단기준을 완전히 만족하지 못하는 경우가 유의하게 많으며 급성 발열기에 관상동맥변화가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 1세 미만의 어린 영아에서 뚜렷한 원인이 없이 발열이 지속되는 경우에는 가와사끼병의 가능성을 항상 염두에 두고 심초음파 검사를 시행, 관상동맥 병변 유무를 확인하여 조기진단과 조기의 적절한 IVIG 투여가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-48
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze medical expenses by decedents in their last year of life and compare them with those by survivors during the year 2008. This study is conducted firstly in Korea, except some studies focusing on medical cost of decedents from specific diseases. To study this, national health insurance(NHI) claims data was used with medicaid claims data. The study group(decedents) was selected from the insurance entitlement file who were dropped out from January to December of 2008. The control group(survivors) was selected from the entitlement file by stratified sampling with keeping age-sex composition of the study group. The medical expenses of decedents during one year before death were measured and compared with those of survivors by sex and age. And the medical expenses were analyzed by causes of death, and also the expenses were examined by each item of medical services. On average, the medical expense amounted to 11 million Korean Won per decedent during their last year of life in 2008. The medical expense per decedent was 9.3 higher than that of survivor. The death-related expense of under the age 35 was about 16 million Won, compared with 4 million Won in the case of over the age 95, in average. The death-related expense is higher in younger ages. This means that more medical resources are put in to save life in younger ages. Total death-related expenditure took 8.3 percent in total NHI expenditures. Of the death-related medical expenses, the largest one was injection-related cost which shares twenty five percent, and the second largest one was hospitalization charges, and then the third one was surgery cost. The results of this study suggested that we should pay attention to the medical expenses in the last of year of life when we study health care expenditure in Korea. In addition, we have to deliberate health care policy to cope with medical expenditures before death in more efficient way.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.197-211
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• 2007

With the development of orthodontics and increasing concerns on physical appearance, the number of patients has been steadily increasing. It is quite important not only to make effective cure plans and accurate diagnoses but also to have a thorough grasp of patients' malocclusion types and their occurrence frequency, in addition to patients' personality in order to cure the patients appropriately. This study is based on 946 malocclusion patients who had visited Chong-A Dental Hospital from 1999 to 2004 and investigated their aspects of malocclusion and characteristics of their gender, age and residence. The results are as follows. 1. The number of patients per year had been decreased until 2001, after which year the number had fluctuated. The number was the largest in 1999, 169 and the smallest in 2001, 140. Female occupied 68.0% of the total, twice as many as male, 32.0%) 2. Based on the Angle's classification, 19 or over year - old group was the largest of the total, 59.3% and 6 or younger year - old group, the smallest, 0.5%. The 19 or over year old group was less than a half of the total (47.4%) in 2003 and there were no patients who belonged to the 6 or younger year - old group in 2003 and 2004. 3. Distributions on the types of malocclusion have shown that 39.9 % of the total are in the Class I, the largest, 31.0% in the Class I and 29.2 in the Class II, the smallest. 1) The number of the ClassI was 73, the largest, that of the Class III being 35, the smallest in 1999. On the whole, the number of the Class I accounted for the largest part of the total. 2) The number of male patients in the Class II was the smallest, generally being the largest in the Class I. In case of female, that of the Class III was the smallest. 3) Based on the age, the Class I was the highest in between 7 and 13 age group, the Class III the lowest. The Class I occupied the largest around 40%. 4) In the shape of physiognomy, the meso occupied the largest part among all the Class, of which the Class II was the highest, 64.2%. The bracy was the largest in the Class I, and the dolicho in the Class III. 5) In the profile, the convex shape was the largest in the Class I and II, and especially in the Class II, over 3/4 of the total, 75.4%. In contrast, the direct shape was the largest in the Class III and the sunken shape occupied 33.3%, which was nearly ten times more than the case of the Class I and III. 6) In the asymmetry of physiognomy, the number of patients of the Class IIIwas the largest, 34.1% and that of the Class II, the smallest, 19.5%. It was found that about one fourth of the malocclusion patients were under the asymmetry of physiognomy. 4. In the distribution of patients' residence, 81.4% were from the Seoul Metropolis and 48.2% from Gangnam-Gu where Chong-A Dental Hospital is located and Seocho-Gu and Songpa-Gu which are adjacent to Gangnam-Gu.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.217-236
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preschoolers' peer interaction type and level differ depending on pair compositon and task type. Preschoolers' peer interaction type and level were compared among three kinds of pair compositions(with a Younger peer, with a same-age peer, and with an older peer) as well as between two types of tasks(tasks involving real objects, and tasks involving pictures). Subjects were seventy-eight four-year-old children recruited from six child-care centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The preschoolers were randomly assigned to one of the three kinds of pair compositions. Interaction processes of the pairs were recorded by a video camera, and the scenes were transcribed for content analyses. The traniscribed peer interactions were coded according to the categories that the researcher had generated. Statistical methods used for the data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA. Major findings of this study were as follows: There were significant differences preschoolers' in interaction type depending on the pair compositions and the types of tasks. The preschoolers paired with the older peer used abstract collaborative explanations more frequently than in two other types of pair composition. The preschoolers paired with the younger peer used explanations without collaboration and parallel behaviors more frequently than in two other types of pair composition.