• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

In ancient times, architectural design was seen as a critical task in building technologies. Specifically, form, dimension and structural design are of significant. These aspects are associated with each other and to be emerged as a whole. Designing plan dimension was deemed to be the core of design technology due to its close relationship with module system. Thus, its evolution as well as development process typically represents and reflects the spirits and contents of design technologies in ancient China. In China, the materials regarding ancient architectural technology include Yingzaofashi(營造法式) of Song Dynasty and Gongchengzuofazeli(工程做法則例) of Qing Dynasty. They show many aspects concerning materials, structure, scale system and building. In Yingzaofashi, although the length of objects are decided by 'cai(材)' and 'fen(分)', there are no regulations on length, width and height of a building. However, in the construction of ancient buildings, the above mentioned basic scales are very important in both design and construction. The present paper attempts to discuss the significance, namely, the design principles of length, with and height of ancient chinese architecture.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2022

Fen(分°) is the proportional dimension unit of the standard timber section on Yingzaofashi(營造法式), and there is a phrase that not only structural members but the whole structural design of a building also use Fen as the dimension unit on the book. But in fact only the section dimensions of structural members are recorded by Fen, but the design dimensions are recorded by Chi(尺) on the book. Other historical records also described the building size by Chi. So there has been long-standing debate on the phase in Chinese architectural history society, including the recent confrontation on the analysis of survey figures of the east great hall of Foguangsi temple(佛光寺 東大殿). This paper analyzes all the records about the size of structural members and section planning on the book to make various calculation and evaluation. And it makes a survey of Cai(材) as the dimension and design unit between Chi and Fen through geometric analysis. Cai might be a rough unit of measurement in terms of structural and proportional scheming on Yingzaofashi, and the full size Cai(足材) had been a building scheming module before the Song dynasty.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2011

This paper aimed at analyzing of structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure in Yingzaofashi ${\ll}$營造法式${\gg}$in the era of Song Dynasty and illuminating coinage characteristics and method of Structural Carpentry Terminology for bracket Structure through graphonomy research and system and structure of these terms. The results are as follow. The structural carpentry terminologies for structure were identified to be approximately 23 words, and terminology of bracket structure鋪作 is largely categorized into 3 categories of Type鋪作次序, Structure, Place. On the other hand, the structural carpentry terminologies for parts largely categorized into 2 categories of Bracket structure鋪作, Others. Bracket structure terminologies for parts were derived from the core of Dou枓, Gong栱, Ang昂, Fang方. The phenomena of derivation in structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure can be explained by the difference in the shape of subsidiary material and the location for usage of the subsidiary material and part of the subsidiary material and their functions.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to estimate the dimensions of the Protruding distance of Seven-layered Gongpo of Baoguosi Temple Main Hall in Ningbo, China, and to analyze the meaning of the dimension through the "Yingzaofashi(營造法式)" and other similar cases. Through this study, it is clarified that the "Yingzaofashi" stipulates the limited use of the structural role of Ha-ang, but Baoguosi Temple Main Hall has expanded the structural role of Ha-ang actively by increasing the total Protruding Distance and effectively controlling the Protruding Distance of the layer where Ha-ang is placed. And as a result, the effect of lowering the total height of the protruding part was confirmed.

• Architectural research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

According to previous studies, the form of a city mentioned in Kaogongji(考工記) of Zhouli(周禮) does not exist in reality. Only Beijing during Ming(明) and Qing(淸) Dynasties is discussed as an example, making it lose its worth as a theory. But of all the annotation of Zhouli throughout the 2,000 years before the modern era, core theory related to capital construction had never been stated from the aspect of the present day. Such discussion can be found depicted in Yingzaofashi(營造法式), a specialized book about architectural technology. Unlike what is known until now, the principle of capital construction has a link to the theory of Fengshui(風水), in that it implies the logic of 'Yi(易)'.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

This study covered the Mulmae, architectural drawing recorded on Yeonggeon-uigwes and Sanleung-uigwes during the late Joseon Dynasty. In uigwes, the term 'Mulmae' was used as a mixture until the 17th century, but from the 18th century, the term 'Mulmae(勿乙每, 勿每, 水每)' was unified into 'Mulmae(水每)'. The paper of the Mulmae was made to be used during the construction period by using a thick oil paper called Yudun. Four Yudun were connected, and its size was 197.4×141cm, which was rather large. The Yingzaofashi(營造法式) of Song Dynasty describes how to draw a longitudinal section on a scale of 1/10. The scale of 1/10 was the maximum when comparing the size of the Mulmae with the buildings in uigwes. A sectional drawing of Gongpo in Geunjeongjeon was drawn on a scale of 1/10. There is a testimony that a senior carpenter drew a cross-section on a scale of 1/10. Therefore, it was determined that the scale of the longitudinal section drawn on the Mulmae paper was 1/10. The term 'the Mulmae' was used equally by carpenter active in Japanese colonial era. The scope of the painting was clarified from pillar to rafter. Uigwes records that the Mulmae was made for wood processing. Through this, it can be understood that the Mulmae painted the entire structure as a longitudinal section.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.82-119
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• 2010

"공정주법칙례(工程做法則例)"는 건물의 영조표준을 통일하고 공정관리제도를 강화하기 위한 목적으로 청나라 옹정(雍正) 12년(1734년) 공부에서 간행한 책이다. 영조표준을 만들기 위해 두구(斗口)를 기준으로 한 부재 하나하나의 치수가 기록되어 있으며, 공정관리를 위한 여러 비용의 기록 또한 존재 한다. 현재 이러한 기록들은 당시의 건축기술 및 건축환경을 짐작해 볼 수 있는 중요한 자료로 인식되고 있다. 하지만 우리나라 건축사학계는 북송 시기에 간행된 "영조법식(營造法式)"의 연구에 집중된 경향이 있어 "공정주법칙례"는 그 중요성은 인정 받고 있으나 아직 번역 작업조차 이뤄지지 않은 상태이다. 따라서 여기서는 "공정주법칙례"의 기본적인 내용들을 서두에 밝히고, 권1의 원문을 번역하여 소개함으로써 이후 연구의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적을 두었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.40-59
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• 2010

기둥 안쏠림 기법은 아직 구체적으로 규명되지 않은 상태로 남아 있으므로 관련 연구에 한계를 초래하고 있다. 선행 조사연구 자료가 희박한 상황에서 안쏠림 기법은 3차원적 정밀 실측조사를 통해서 알아볼 수 있다고 판단된다. 궁궐 정전은 제도를 준수해 세운 건물로 평가할 수 있으므로 안쏠림 기법을 파악함에 적절한 대상으로 판단, 고찰하여 몇 가지 중요한 결과를 도출하였다. 1. 조사 고찰한 궁궐 정전에서 안쏠림은 어칸 기둥에서 가장 크게 가해져 있고, 점차 귀기둥에 이르면서 작아지는 경향으로 나타나 있다. 2. 중층 정전에서 층단주로 세워진 2층 처마기둥은 어칸에서 가장 큰 치수로 건물 안쪽을 향해 들여세우기 되어 있으며 점차 귀기둥에 이르면서 들여세우기 치수가 작아지는 독특한 기둥배치 방식이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 2층 처마기둥 들여세우기는 어칸의 경우 1층 초석부터 2층 처마기둥 하단까지의 높이에 해당하는 안쏠림 크기에 따라 이루어져 있음으로 밝혀졌다. 3. 중층 정전에서 2층 처마기둥 안쏠림은 1층 처마기둥에 비해 대체로 1/3 내지 1/4 정도로 작게 적용되어 있음으로 고찰되었다. 안쏠림은 1층과 마찬가지로 어칸 기둥에서 가장 크게 가하고, 점차 귀기둥에 이르면서 작게 감소시켜 적용하는 기법이 내재되어 있음으로 파악되었다. 4. 궁궐 정전에서 안쏠림은 어칸 기둥에서 가장 큰 치수로 적용되어 있으며, 점차 귀기둥에 이르면서 작아져 수렴되는 독특한 기법이 고찰되었다. 이러한 안쏠림 기법은 송(宋) "영조법식(營造法式)"과 차별되는 한국건축 고유 기법일 가능성이 있음으로 점쳐볼 수 있었다. 이 연구는 궁궐 정전을 대상으로 한정적인 고찰에 그치고 있으나, 고건축 기둥 안쏠림에 대해 기법 측면에서 새롭게 조명하였으며, 기술사 연구에 중요한 근거 자료가 될 수 있다. 제한적인 일부 건물에 대한 고찰 결과는 보편성을 지니기 어려움을 인정하나, 직접 실측조사 작업을 수행한 궁궐 정전만을 대상으로 하여 정치한 고건축 기법분석에 대한 오차범위를 좁히고자 하였다.