• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

The installation of subsurface drainage equipment is required for generalized use of paddy field and to improve soil productivity. The internal drainage of paddy field has improved root condition from the increasing of oxygen supply and removing noxious elements. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of fertilization and drainage system on soil characteristic, growth and lodging trait of rice in paddy soil. A subsurface drainage system was installed a depth of 0.8m. Three fertilizer treatments were applied : 1) Conventional fertilized plot, 2) Controlled-release fertilized plot, 3) No-fertilized plot. In conventional plot, 110 kg N (as urea 46%), 45 kg P (as fused phosphate 20%) and 57 kg K (as potassium chloride 60%) per hectare fertilizers were applied. Controlled-release fertilizer was applied by 70% of N compared to the conventional plot. During the rice cropping, the water depth decrease was two times higher in subsurface drainage(SD) plot than non-drained(ND) plot. After harvesting of rice, the bulk density of sub-soil(10-20cm depth) was lower in SD plot than ND plot. After the experiment, the surface soil pH was high at SD plot but sub-soil was high at ND plot. Organic matter content was higher in all soil layer for SD plot than fro ND plot. Available $P_2O_5$ was not different between SD and ND plot for surface soil, but was high for SD plot for sub soil. The $NH_4{^+}-N$ content of soil, shoot dry matter, total nitrogen and $K_2O$ of rice plant were greater after panicle formation stage in SD plot. Total nitrogen content, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of rice root were high in SD plot after heading. Though the gravity center and 3rd internode length were greater, pulling force of rice root was higher in SD plot than ND plot. Rice yield in SD plot were low at conventional and controlled-release fertilized plot because of the greater field lodging, but yield in SD plot was high at no-fertilized plot. This study indicates that the fertilization level should be decrease on subsurface drainage system for rice cropping.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pH adjustment on physico-chemical characteristics of chicken breast surimi. The chicken breast meat was ground with distilled water, of which pH was then adjusted to 2.5 (T1), 3.0 (T2), 10.5 (T3) and 11.0 (T4) for surimi manufacture, respectively. Water content was higher in order of T4>T1>T3>T2 (p<0.05). Crude protein and crude fat were higher in T3 and T4 compared with T1 and T2 (p<0.05). $L^*$ values, myofibrillar protein and water holding capacity of T2 and T4 were higher than those of T1 and T3 (p<0.05). T4 had the lowest yield among the treatments (p<0.05). T1 was higher in yield and pH, whereas breaking force and deformation were higher in T1 (p<0.05). $a^*$ was higher in order of T3>T2>T4>T1 and $b^*$ was lower in T1 compared with other treatments (p<0.05). In textural properties, the chewiness values of T2 and T3 were higher than those of T1 and T4, the hardness was higher in order of T2>T3>T4>T1 (p<0.05). Cohesiveness and gumminess of T1 showed higher values than those of other treatments (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, the note for appearance was higher in T2 than other treatments (p<0.05), however other traits were not significantly different (p>0.05). Therefore, the alkaline processing (T4, pH 11.0) would be recommended.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-89
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• 1988

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a growth retardant, Paclobutrazol on the growth, yield and its components. and physiological traits in peanut cv. Saeddle (early variety) and Nampung (medium variety). The results are summarized as follows : Main stem and branch length of both varieties were remarkably retarded at early growth stage application, but the retardation effect was reduced at late growth stage application. Number of branches was increased remarkably by treating 60ppm at 20days after seedling (DAS) in early variety. Lodging ill medium variety was not observed through growth period when 120ppm of Paclobutrazol was applied while lodging was not appeared between 40 DAS and 80 DAS in early variety. The numbers of riped pods in early variety was increased when application of 120ppm at 40 DAS was made while it was increased as application of 120ppm at 90 DAS in the medium variety. Cercospora leaf spot was reduced by spraying at 40 or 50 DAS regardless of concentration and varieties. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity increased when paclobutrazol was applied during 40-60 DAS in early variety while these were observed at 90 DAS in medium variety. Seed weight tended to increase as paclobutrazol application was delayed. The ratio of pods to seeds was higher at 60ppm-40 DAS in early variety while it was higher at 120ppm-90 DAS in medium variety.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 2011

The main objective of this study was to develop the multi-resistance lines to insects(brown planthopper; BPH, rice green leafhopper; GRH) and disease(blast; BL, bacterial blight; BB and rice stripe virus disease;RSV) with good grain quality and plant type by combining conventional breeding and marker assisted selection(MAS) and to eliminate the linkage drag effects between Bph1 gene and culm length, we conducted MAS of Bph1 gene in advanced backcross and double cross progenies. 'Nampyeong', 'Junam' and 'Milyang220' were used as the parent in this study. 'Milyang220' was used as the donor of brown planthopper resistance gene Bph1 with tall culm length. Two backcross progenies were developed using two recipients 'Nampyeong' carrying GRH resistance gene Grh3(t) with good grain appearance and 'Junam' harboring bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 with short culm length. Two $BC_1$ generations were resulted from the backcrossing of the $F_1$ plants with recurrent parents 'Nampyeong' and 'Junam'. The second rounds of backcrossing($BC_2$) were derived from the cross of selected resistant $BC_1F_1$ plants based on heterozygous genotype of RM28493 linked to Bph1 gene. The double crossed population was constructed from the cross of between each heterozygous $BC_2F_1$ plants at RM28493 locus of '$Nampyeong^*3$ / Milyang220' and '$Junam^*3$ / Milyang220'., The homozygous alleles in Bph1 gene were selected using co-dominant DNA marker RM28493 in double crossed population. Eighty-five lines with multi-resistance to BL, BB, RSV, GRH and BPH were selected by bio-assay and MAS in generation of double crossing. The culm length, head rice ratio and yield of the selected multi resistance lines was ranged from 71 to 88 cm, from 51 to 93%, from 449 to 629 kg/10a. respectively. We can select a promising multi resistance line similar with 'Nampyeong' of major agronomic traits such as culm legnth, head rice ratio and yield. It was designated as Milyang265. Finally this study was developed the multi resistant varieties against to insects and diseases with the good grain quality 'Milyang265' by the advanced backcross and double cross combining MAS and it can be used as genetic resources of multi-resistance to insect and diseases in rice breeding programs.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.132-139
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• 2023

Light plays an important role in fruit-body development and morphology during Pleurotus spp. cultivation. To understand the effects of light color on fruit-body properties, we evaluated the fruit-body characteristics of Pleurotus spp. Varieties cultivated under blue, red, and purple LED light sources. The main results are as follows: The overall fruit-body shape showed differences depending on the color of the LED light. The fruit-bodies of mushroom cultivated under blue and purple light were generally similar to the mushroom shapes typically produced, while those of mushroom cultivated under green light were abnormally shaped, probably due to the absence of effective light source. The average cap lightness of mushrooms cultivated under blue, green, and purple LED lights was 57.0, 57.4, and 59.4, respectively. The average cap lightness of all varieties except Wonhyeong1ho and Hwang-geumsantari cultivated under the three LED light sources were statistically significantly different (P<0.05). The cap redness varied significantly depending on the LED lighting and variety. Only Gonji7hoM, the cap color mutant of Gonji7ho, showed negative cap redness values under all three LED light sources. Among the eight varieties excluding Gonji7ho, the highest cap redness was observed when cultivated under the blue LED. The average harvest weight of the varieties cultivated under purple, blue, and green LED light were 68.0, 58.3, and 50.1 g, respectively. The yield of Gonji7ho, the mushroom variety with the highest yield, cultivated under blue, green, and purple LED light were 92.8, 77.1, and 98.6 g, respectively. The earliness when grown under the purple, blue, and green LED lights were 5.3, 5.8, and 5.8 days, respectively. Among the varieties, six, three, and two cultivars showed the shortest earliness under the purple, green, and blue LED, respectively. The fruit-body lengths were 66.4, 51.8, and 46.8 mm when cultivated under green, purple, and blue lights, respectively. These results are expected to serve as a foundation for producing mushrooms with traits demanded in the market.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.1-40
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• 1973

There is a general tendency to increase nitrogen level in rice production to insure an increased yield. On the other hand, percentage of ripened grains is getting decreased with such an increased fertilizer level. Decreasing of the percentage is one of the important yield limiting factors. Especially the newly developed rice variety, 'Tongil' is characterized by a relatively low percentage of ripened grains as compared with the other leading varieties. Therefore, these studies were aimed to finding out of some measures for the improvement of ripening in rice. The studies had been carried out in the field and in the phytotron during the period of three years from 1970 to 1972 at the Crop Experiment Station in Suwon. The results obtained from the experiments could be summarized as follows: 1. The spikelet of Tongil was longer in length, more narrow in width, thinner in thickness, smaller in the volume of grains and lighter in grain weight than those of Jinheung. The specific gravity of grain was closely correlated with grain weight and the relationship with thickness, width and length was getting smaller in Jinheung. On the other hand, Tongil showed a different pattern from Jinheung. The relationship of the specific gravity with grain weight was the greatest and followed by that with the width, thickness and length, in order. 2. The distribution of grain weight selected by specific gravity was different from one variety to another. Most of grains of Jinheung were distributed over the specific gravity of 1.12 with its peak at 1.18, but many of grains of Tongil were distributed below 1.12 with its peak at 1.16. The brown/rough rice ratio was sharply declined below the specific gravity of 1.06 in Jinheung, but that of Tongil was not declined from the 1.20 to the 0.96. Accordingly, it seemed to be unfair to make the specific gravity criterion for ripened grains at 1.06 in the Tongil variety. 3. The increasing tendency of grain weight after flowering was different depending on varieties. Generally speaking, rice varieties originated from cold area showed a slow grain weight increase while Tongil was rapid except at lower temperature in late ripening stage. 4. In the late-tillered culms or weak culms, the number of spikelets was small and the percentage of ripened grains was low. Tongil produced more late-tillered culms and had a longer flowering duration especially at lower temperature, resulting in a lower percentage of ripened grains. 5. The leaf blade of Tongil was short, broad and errect, having light receiving status for photosynthesis was better. The photosynthetic activity of Tongil per unit leaf area was higher than that of Jinheung at higher temperature, but lower at lower temperature. 6. Tongil was highly resistant to lodging because of short culm length, and thick lower-internodes. Before flowering, Tongil had a relatively higher amount of sugars, phosphate, silicate, calcium, manganese and magnesium. 7. The number of spikelets of Tongil was much more than that of Jinheung. The negative correlation was observed between the number of spikelets and percentage of ripened grains in Jinheung, but no correlation was found in Tongil grown at higher temperature. Therefore, grain yield was increased with increased number of spikelets in Tongil. Anthesis was not occurred below 21$^{\circ}C$ in Tongil, so sterile spikelets were increased at lower temperature during flowering stage. 8. The root distribution of Jinheung was deeper than that of Tongil. The root activity of Tongil evaluated by $\alpha$-naphthylamine oxidation method, was higher than that of Jinheung at higher temperature, but lower at lower temperature. It is seemed to be related with discoloration of leaf blades. 9. Tongil had a better light receiving status for photosynthesis and a better productive structure with balance between photosynthesis and respiration, so it is seemed that tongil has more ideal plant type for getting of a higher grain yield as compared with Jinheung. 10. Solar radiation during the 10 days before to 30 days after flowering seemed enough for ripening in suwon, but the air temperature dropped down below 22$^{\circ}C$ beyond August 25. Therefore, it was believed that air temperature is one of ripening limiting factors in this case. 11. The optimum temperature for ripening in Jinheung was relatively lower than that of Tongil requriing more than $25^{\circ}C$. Air temperature below 21$^{\circ}C$ was one of limiting factors for ripening in Tongil. 12. It seemed that Jinheung has relatively high photosensitivity and moderate thermosensitivity, while Tongil has a low photosensitivity, high thermosensitivity and longer basic vegetative phase. 13. Under a condition of higher nitrogen application at late growing stage, the grain yield of Jinheung was increased with improvement of percentage of ripened grains, while grain yield of Tongil decreased due to decreasing the number of spikelets although photosynthetic activity after flowering was. increased. 14. The grain yield of Jinheung was decreased slightly in the late transplanting culture since its photosynthetic activity was relatively high at lower temperature, but that of Tonil was decreased due to its inactive photosynthetic activity at lower temperature. The highest yield of Tongil was obtained in the early transplanting culture. 15. Tongil was adapted to a higher fertilizer and dense transplanting, and the percentage of ripened grains was improved by shortening of the flowering duration with increased number of seedlings per hill. 16. The percentage of vigorous tillers was increased with a denser transplanting and increasing in number of seedlings per hill. 17. The possibility to improve percentage of ripened grains was shown with phosphate application at lower temperature. The above mentioned results are again summarized below. The Japonica type leading varieties should be flowered before August 20 to insure a satisfactory ripening of grains. Nitrogen applied should not be more than 7.5kg/10a as the basal-dressing and the remained nitrogen should be applied at the later growing stage to increase their photosynthetic activity. The morphological and physiological characteristics of Tongil, a semi-dwarf, Indica $\times$ Japonica hybrid variety, are very different from those of other leading rice varieties, requring changes in seed selection by specific gravity method, in milling and in the cultural practices. Considering the peculiar distribution of grains selected by the method and the brown/rough rice ratio, the specific gravity criterion for seed selection should be changed from the currently employed 1.06 to about 0.96 for Tongil. In milling process, it would be advisable to bear in mind the specific traits of Tongil grain appearance. Tongil is a variety with many weak tillers and under lower temperature condition flowering is delayed. Such characteristics result in inactivation of roots and leaf blades which affects substantially lowering of the percentage of ripened grains due to increased unfertilized spikelets. In addition, Tongil is adapted well to higher nitrogen application. Therefore, it would be recommended to transplant Tongil variety earlier in season under the condition of higer nitrogen, phosphate and silicate. A dense planting-space with three vigorous seedlings per hill should be practiced in this case. In order to manifest fully the capability of Tongil, several aspects such as the varietal improvement, culural practices and milling process should be more intensively considered in the future.he future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.327-340
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of domestic clay minerals on feed efficiency, meat quantity, meat quality and economic traits in 24 head of Hanwoo steers(166.1kg in body weight) for 540 days from six to 24 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment(six heads/treatment) which were T1(Control), T2(Control+Kaolinite), T3(Control+Bentonite), T4(Control+Illite). The results obtained are summarized as follows; The range of average daily gains were 0.682 to 0.713, 0.669 to 0.714, 0.690 to 0.840 and 0.699 to 0.756kg in growing, fattening, finishing and over-all period, respectively, and the gains were high in T1 for growing and fattening period but in clay mineral groups for finishing and over-all period, especially it was high in Illite and Bentonite groups. Concentrates and TDN intakes per unit of kg gains were lower in clay mineral groups than in control and was lower especially in Bentonite groups. In carcass characteristics, dressed carcass and fresh meat and retailed cut percent were not apparently difference by treatments, and yield index was 69.3, 68.9, 68.8 and 68.6 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively. Marbling scores were 5.1, 4.6, 4.4 and 3.3 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively, and the range of shear force by treatment was from 3.51 to 6.02kg/cm2. and were improved with significant difference(P<0.05) in clay mineral groups than in control. Also in palatability traits, panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were improved in clay mineral feeding groups, especially the flavor was improved with highly significant difference(P<0.01) in clay mineral groups than in control. In total fatty acid contents, the rate of SFA(saturated fatty acid) in longissimus muscle of beef was higher in the order of T2, T3, T1 and T4 while the rate of MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acid) was high in the order of T4, T3, T1 and T2. The content of oleic acid which is major influential factor at the flavor of beef was higher in Illite groups than in any other groups. In composition of amino acids in longissimus muscles of beef, the rate of essential amino acids was high in the order of T1, T2, T3 and T4. and the rate of amino acids in clay mineral groups was smaller than in control.In chemical component in Gom-Tang(soup of bone) made by Hanwoo steer’s leg-bone, the ranges of crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash was 0.81 to 1.24, 0.17 to 0.35 and 0.07 to 0.09%, respectively. In mineral composition, the ranges of Ca, P, Na and Mg was 14.01 to 15.77, 11.45 to 16.40, 37.92 to 49.99 and 0.26 to 0.46ppm, respectively. Chemical composition were not apparently different but mineral composition was increased in clay mineral groups than in control. Income by treatments was 967,096 to 1,524,055 Won per head for 540 days and income of clay mineral groups in comparison with control’s increased by 23.7 to 57.6 percent, and especially it was higher in bentonite and(or) Illite groups than others. According to the above results it may be concluded that clay mineral to growing-fattening Hanwoo steers can be improved the meat quantity, meat quality and income. Especially the effect of bentonite and illite is large and can be recommended for usage to improve animal performance as feed additives of growing-fattening Hanwoo steers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2013

Rice sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani K$\ddot{u}$hn, is one of the serious fungal disease resulting in severe yield loss in rice field worldwide. There are limited sources of genetic resistance and no commercial cultivar with high level of ShB resistance is currently available in Korea. In order to seek available resources with high level of resistance to ShB, 40 rice germplasms were used to evaluate disease reactions including ShB, leaf blast and bacterial leaf blight and these germplasms also examined agronomic traits such as days to heading, culm length, panicle length, No. of panicles, No. of spikelets per panicle and so on. There is wide variation in agronomic characters and disease reactions. Rice germplasms also showed considerably different ShB reaction caused by inoculation at seedling stage. Areumbyeo, Gayabyeo, IR579-Es44 and IR64 showed more strong reaction to ShB than the others. Especially, Gayabyeo is considerably available to develop a new variety with resistance to ShB in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2015

This work was conducted to investigate the performance and meat characteristics of commercial Korean native duck (KND). A total of 180 1-d-old ducklings of 2-way crossbreds from A and B lines (from National Institute of Animal Science) were used in this work and divided into 4 groups (3 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate). The four groups were 4 crossbreds as AA (A line [♀]${\times}$A line [♂]), AB (A line [♀]${\times}$B line [♂]), BB (Pure line B strains) and BA (B strains [♀]${\times}$A strain [♂]). Ducks were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal for 0 to 3 wk (22.4% crude protein [CP], 2,945 kcal/kg metabolizable energy [ME]) and 3 to 8 wk (18.4% CP, 3,047 kcal/kg ME). As a result of this study, average body weight of 4 crossbreds were 625, 1,617, 2,466, and 2,836 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively, and significantly increased over the period of time (p<0.05). Body weight of BB group was greater than other crossbreds at the age of 6 weeks (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in weekly body weight gains (p<0.05), which were 573, 991, 850, and 371 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks old, respectively. Uniformity of 4 crossbreds was 84.9%, 80.5%, and 72.5% at 6, 7, and 8 weeks, respectively, and there was no difference among crossbreds. Body weight gain of BB crossbred was highest among crossbreds (p<0.05). Weekly feed intake significantly increased with weeks as 669, 1,839, 2,812, and 3,381 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks respectively (p<0.05). Feed intakes of AA and BB crossbreds were higher at 2 to 4 weeks old than others and that of BB crossbred was highest at 4 to 6 weeks old (p<0.05). Weekly feed conversion ratios were 1.17, 1.86, 3.32, and 9.37 at 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 weeks old, respectively, and it increased with age (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio among crossbreds. Carcass yields of 4 crossbreds were 73.6%, 71.6%, 73.5%, and 71.7%, respectively, so there was no significant difference among crossbreds. There was no difference in wing, neck, breast and leg ratios among crossbreds. However, back ratios of 4 crossbreds were 17.6%, 18.0%, 15.8%, and 17.6%, respectively, and back ratio of BB was the highest among crossbreds. Finally, these results may provide the basic data on the production, carcass quality, fatty acid and amino acid composition of commercial KND with 2-way crossbreeding.