• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.185-199
• /
• 2011

The aim of this study was to grasp the context of family life education under the Joseon Dynasty. As a first step to attain this goal, we used Yi Duk-Hong's Bubuyubyeoldo as our main material and examined the meaning of 'bubuyubyeol'(夫婦有別) in family life education as it was defined during the Joseon Dynasty. As a result, we found that 'bubuyubyeol' implied the strict avoidance of the opposite sex in the relationship between a couple and others as well as within the marital relationship. We also determined that in the family life education, 'bubuyubyeol' was closely related to 'bujayuchin'(父子有親), a concept that refers to the ethical relationship between parents and children. This concept also, formed the basis of social relationships. These results imply that contemporary family life education will be more effective and efficient 1) when it presupposes a common basic concept pertaining to the contents of object-specific education as well as overall family life education, and 2) when direct education programs are executed in harmony with indirect education.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.17-29
• /
• 2009

1. Objectives: We study on indications and directions of Euphorbiae Kansui Liou ex Wang in Sasang Constitutional Medicine by applications of Euphorbiae Kansui Liou ex Wang. 2. Methods: We analyzed indications and directions by bibliographical applications of Radix Euphorbiae Kansui Liou ex Wang in Traditional Oriental Medicine and Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Euphorbiae Kansui Liou ex Wang is used for various indications which are congested fluids, accumulation, edema, and etc in Traditional Oriental Medicine and Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2) In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Euphorbiae Kansui Liou ex Wang is taken by powder in a single-medicine prescriptions and taken with calomelas by powder and tablet in prescriptions, and we have need of clinical study of Radix Euphorbiae Kansui in the future.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 2011

Rett syndrome is a X-linked genetic neurological disorder characterized by developmental regression, particularly in relation to expressive language and use of the hands, together with profound mental retardation, that almost exclusively affects females. Oral manifestations of the disease are commonly associated with the clinical conditions such as convulsion activity, difficulties for oral hygiene behavior, walking problems and oral/digitalmanual habits. Bruxism is the most frequently observed oral habit in patients with Rett syndrome. Two cases with the Rett syndrome were reported. Both patients had the typical manifestations like stereotypic hand movement, bruxism and digit-hand sucking. Caries control for the patients was perfomed under general anesthesia.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.513-545
• /
• 2000

I. Introduction Bi(痺) means blocking. It can reach at the joints or muscles or whole body and make pains. Numbness and movement disorders. BiJeung can be devided into SilBi and HeoBi. In SilBi there are PungHanSeupBi, YeolBi and WanBi. In HeoBi, there are GiHyeolHeoBi, EumHeoBi and YangHeoBi. The common principle for the treatment of BiJeung is devision of the chronic stage and the acute stage. In the acute stage, BiJeung is usually cured easily but in the chronic stage, it is difficult. In the terminal stage, BiJeung can reach at the internal organs. BiJeung is one kind of symptoms making muscles, bones and jonts feel pain, numbness or edema. For example it can be gout or SLE etc. Many famous doctors studied medical science by their fathers or teachers. So the history of medical science is long. So I studied ${\ll}Bijeungjujip{\gg}$. II. Final Decision 1. BanSuMun(斑秀文) thought that BiJeung can be cured by blocking of blood stream. So he insisted that the important thing to cure BiJeung is to improve the blood stream. He usually used DangGuiSaYeokTang(當歸四逆湯), DangGuiJakYakSanHapORyeongSan, DoHong-SaMulTang(桃紅四物湯), SaMyoSanHapHeuiDongTang and HwangGiGyeJiOMulTang. 2. JangGeonBu(張健夫) focused on soothing muscles and improving blood seam. So he used many herbs like WiRyeongSeon(威靈仙), GangHwal(羌活), DokHwal(獨活), WooSeul(牛膝), etc. Especially he pasted wastes of the boiled herbs. 3. OSeongNong(吳聖農) introduced four rules to treat arthritis. So he usually used SeoGak-SanGaGam(犀角散加減), BoYanHwanOTang(補陽還五湯), ODuTang(烏頭湯), HwangGiGyeJiOMulTang. 4. GongJiSin thought disk hernia as one kind of BiJeung. And he said that Pung can hurt upper limbs and Seup can hurt lower limbs. He used to use GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang(桂枝芍藥知母湯). 5. LoJiJeong(路志正) introduced four principles to treat BiJeung. He used BangPungTang(防風湯), DaeJinGuTang) for PungBi(風痺), OPaeTang(烏貝湯) for HanBi(寒痺), YukGunJaTang(六君子湯) for SeupBi(濕痺) and SaMyoTang(四妙湯), SeonBiTang(宣痺湯), BaekHoGaGyeTang(白虎加桂湯) for YeolBi(熱痺). 6. GangChunHwa(姜春華) discussed herbs. He said SaengJiHwang(生地黃) is effective for PungSeupBi and WiRyungSun(威靈仙) is effective for the joints pain. He usually used SipJeonDaeBoTang(十全大補湯), DangGuiDaeBoTang(當歸大補湯), YoukGunJaTang(六君子湯) and YukMiJiHwanTang(六味地黃湯). 7. DongGeonHwa(董建華) said that the most important thing to treat BiJeung is how to use herbs. He usually used CheonO(川烏), MaHwang(麻黃) for HanBi, SeoGak(犀角) for YeolBi, BiHae) or JamSa(蠶沙) for SeupBi, SukJiHwang(熟地黃) or Vertebrae of Pigs for improving the function of kidney and liver, deer horn or DuChung(杜沖) for improving strength of body and HwangGi(黃?) or OGaPi(五加皮) for improving the function of heart. 8. YiSuSan(李壽山) devided BiJeung into two types(PungHanSeupBi, PungYeolSeupBi). And he used GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang(桂枝芍藥知母湯) for the treatment of gout. And he liked to use HwanGiGyeJiOMulTangHapSinGiHwan 枝五物湯合腎氣丸) for the treat ment of WanBi(頑痺). 9. AnDukHyeong(顔德馨) made YongMaJeongTongDan(龍馬定痛丹)-(MaJeonJa(馬錢子) 30g, JiJaChung 3g, JiRyong(地龍) 3g, JeonGal(全蝎) 3g, JuSa(朱砂) 0.3g) 10. JangBaekYou(張伯臾) devided BiJeung into YeolBi and HanBi. And he focused on improving blood stream. 11. JinMuO(陳茂梧) introduced anti-wind and dampness prescription(HoJangGeun(虎杖根) 15g, CheonChoGeun 15g, SangGiSaeng(桑寄生) 15g, JamSa(蠶絲) 15g, JeMaJeonJa(制馬錢子) 3g). 12. YiChongBo(李總甫) explained basic prescriptions to treat BiJeung. He used SinJeongChuBiEum(新定推痺陰) for HaengBi(行痺), SinJeongHwaBiSan(新定化痺散) for TongBi(痛痺), SinJeongGaeBiTang(新定開痺湯) for ChakBi(着痺), SinJeongCheongBiEum(新定淸痺飮) for SeupYeolBi(濕熱痺), SinRyeokTang(腎瀝湯) for PoBi(胞痺), ORyeongSan for BuBi(腑痺), OBiTang(五痺湯) for JangBi(臟痺), SinChakTang(腎着湯) for SingChakByeong(腎着病). 13. HwangJeonGeuk(黃傳克) used SaMu1SaDeungHapJe(四物四藤合制) for the treatment of a acute arthritis, PalJinHpPalDeungTang(八珍合八藤湯) or BuGyeJiHwangTangHapTaDeungTang(附桂地黃湯合四藤湯) for the chronic stage and ByeolGapJeungAekTongRakEum(鱉甲增液通絡飮) for EumHeo(陰虛) 14. GaYeo(柯與參) used HwalRakJiTongTang(活絡止痛湯) for shoulder ache, SoJongJinTongHwalRakTank(消腫鎭痛活絡湯) for YeolBi(熱痺), LiGwanJeolTang(利關節湯) for ChakBi(着痺), SinBiTang(腎痺湯) for SinBi(腎痺) and SamGyoBoSinHwan(三膠補腎丸) for back ache. 15. JangGilJin(蔣길塵) liked to use hot-character herbs and insects. And he used SeoGeunLipAnTang(舒筋立安湯) as basic prescription. 16. RyuJangGeol(留章杰) used GuMiGangHwalTang(九味羌活湯) and BangPungTang(防風湯) at the acute stage, ODuTang(烏頭湯) or GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang(桂枝芍藥知母湯) for HanBi of internal organs, YangHwaHaeEungTang(陽和解凝湯) for HanBi, DokHwalGiSaengTang(獨活寄生湯), EuiYiInTang(薏苡仁湯) for SeupBi, YukGunJaTang(六君子湯) for GiHeoBi(氣虛痺) and SeongYouTang(聖兪湯) for HyeolHeoBi(血虛痺). 17. YangYuHak(楊有鶴) liked to use SoGyeongHwalHyelTang(疏經活血湯) and he would rather use DoIn(桃仁), HongHwa(紅花), DangGui(當歸), CheonGung(川芎) than insects. 18. SaHongDo(史鴻濤) made RyuPungSeupTang(類風濕湯)-((HwangGi 200g, JinGu 20g, BangGi(防己) 15g, HongHwa(紅花) 15g, DoIn(桃仁) 15g, CheongPungDeung(靑風藤) 20g, JiRyong(地龍) 15g, GyeJi(桂枝) 15g, WoSeul(牛膝) 15g, CheonSanGap(穿山甲) 15g, BaekJi(白芷) 15g, BaekSeonPi(白鮮皮) 15g, GamCho(甘草) 15g).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of MTA apexification in young permanent anterior teeth. Among the patients with the traumatized permanent incisors which were treated with MTA apexification, the dental records and radiographs were examined only for the patient who had follow-up examination at least 3 months after the treatment. Forty nine patients with 64 teeth were included in this study. Demographic information, location and type of teeth and periodontal injury, pre-treatment periapical lesion, clinical symptoms, status of MTA filling, healing of apical lesion and apical barrier formation after treatment were investigated. The outcome based on clinical and radiographic criteria were assessed. The results were as follows 1. Of 64 immature permanent incisors with MTA apexification, the clinical and radiographic success rates were 89.1% and 73.4%, respectively. 2. The maxillary incisors showed significantly higher success rates than the mandibular incisors. 3. There was no statistically significant difference in success rates among the teeth with different types of teeth and periodontal injury. 4. The status of MTA filling did not influence the clinical and radiographic success.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.368-375
• /
• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of the mandibular foramen in panoramic radiographs of Korean children to provide information for successful inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia. 240 panoramic radiographs of 7 to 15-year-old boys and girls were analyzed. The subjects were divided into 4 groups in boys and girls according to their age.; 7-8, 9-10, 11-12 and 13-15 years old. The shortest distances from the center of the mandibular foramen to the anterior border of ramus, to the posterior border of ramus, to the antegonial notch and to the mandibular notch and the perpendicular distances from the center of the mandibular foramen to the occlusal plane were measured. The following results were obtained. 1) Although the relative position of the mandibular foramen in the ramus of mandible tended to move anteriorly for both genders with age, the vertical position did not correlate with age. 2) The mandibular foramen moved upward in relation to the occlusal plane with age, and showed statistically significant correlation with age(p<0.05). 3) The mandibular foramina of boys, when compared to those of girls, were located more superiorly in relation to the occlusal plane and more superiorly and posteriorly in the ramus of mandible.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.186-191
• /
• 2012

The sodium hypochlorite is widely used in endodontic treatment. While it is effective solution for disinfection of root canal system, complications during canal irrigation are rarely reported, especially in primary teeth. This report demonstrates that sodium hypochlorite extruding through the root apex might cause severe complications. A 4-year-old female patient was referred from local dental clinic to the emergency room for the management of sudden facial swelling and pain during re-endodontic treatment of the maxillary primary central incisor using sodium hypochlorite. The patient was given systemic steroids, antihistamines, antibiotics and analgesics and the maxillary primary central incisor was extracted to prevent secondary infection. Swelling began to subside after 2 days. A negative result was obtained from skin patch test with sodium hypochlorite. Thorough care must be taken in primary teeth to prevent the inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite to periapical tissues during root canal irrigation. When adverse reaction occurs, proper management such as analgesia, cold compression and adequate medication should be done.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
• /
• no.33
• /
• pp.31-72
• /
• 2010

At first, I extract materials on folk religion from four encyclopedic literatures of late Chosun dynasty-Lee, Ji-Bong-Ryu-Seol(『芝峯類說』) by Soo-Kwang(李晬光), San-Lim-Kyung-Jae(『山林經濟』) by Hong, Man-Sun(洪萬選), Sung-Ho-Sa-Seol(『星湖僿說』) by Lee-Ik(李瀷), O-Ju-Yeon-Moon-Jang-Jun-San-Go(『五洲衍文長箋散稿』) by Lee, Kyu-Kyung(李圭景), and present these materials by tables. Second, I examined the contents and characters of these materials on folk religion. The conclusions from this research are as follows. ① There are common features and points of difference between these four encyclopedic literatures. One of common features are that all these four are encyclopedic works, but San-Lim-Kyung-Jae is more practical than another three. ② These encyclopedic literatures regard folk religion as a negative culture, because these literatures based on Confucianism. But they did not deny miraculous virtues of folk religion. ③ These encyclopedic literatures give us many informations on gods and spirits of Korean folk religion, i.e. city gods(城隍神)·Yup-Sin(업신)·spirits of disease, god Kim-Bu(金傅大王神)·god Jung-Duk-Yang(鄭得揚)·god of King Kuan-u(關王神)·god Bu-keun(付根神) etc. So I review these gods and spirits referenced in encyclopedic literatures. ④ These encyclopedic literatures show much interest in ghost in common. The reason of interest is that authors of these encyclopedic literatures are all scholars of Sung Confucianism and Sung Confucian was concern about ghost. The Sung Confucianism denied the ghost as personal being whom Korean folk religion regards to a kind of spirits. Instead of beliefs in ghost of folk religion, they insist on the ghost as Ki(氣), a kind of cosmic principle. But these encyclopedic literatures acknowledge some parts of folk religion's beliefs in ghost, because they admit the miraculous virtues of these parts. ⑤ There are many items on divination in these encyclopedic literatures. But they show dual attitude on divinations. The one is negative attitude to divinations on individual destiny and the other one is positive attitude to divinations on agriculture. ⑥ There are also many items on witchcrafts in these encyclopedic literatures. Through these items, I assumed pervasiveness of beliefs on witchcraft at that time. ⑦ Shamans, as religious specialist, are stand on a central position of Korean folk religion. So it is a matter of course that these encyclopedic literatures concerned on Korean shaman. As Confucians, authors of these encyclopedic literatures did not regards shamans as positive one. But they did not deny miraculous virtues of shamans. In spite of these encyclopedic literatures have negative view points to, and include false informations Korean folk religion, I would like to emphasis on importance of these encyclopedic literatures to understand Korean folk religions, especially Korean folk religions of late Yi Dynasty.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.44 no.4 s.141
• /
• pp.277-282
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate morphological characteristics and effects of temperature on the development of Piezodorus hybneri on soybean. The unibanded stink bug, Piezodorus hybneri, is a serious insect pest in soybean fields giving damage to seeds in pod and leaves of soybean lowering both quality and yield. Eggs were spherical and laid in two raws on the leaves and pods of soybean plants. Body lengths of females and males were 9.8 mm and 8.7 mm, respectively. Egg hatch rates were better in higher temperature within the range of examined temperatures, which ranged in $81.2{sim}93.2%$. The development periods of eggs at the temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ were 10.7, 5.0, 4.0, and 3.0 days, respectively. Mean developmental periods of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th nymphs at $25^{\circ}C$ were 3.2, 3.4, 3.4, 3.3 and 5.9 days, respectively. Development threshold and effective accumulative temperature were $13.3^{\circ}C$ and 65.5 DD (day degree) for egg stage, $9.9^{\circ}C$ and 322.8 DD for nymph stage, $10.7^{\circ}C$ and 386.4 DD from egg to adult, respectively. Oviposition began from 10 days after emergence at $25^{\circ}C$, and the longevity of female and male were 52.5 and 38.2 days, respectively. Total number of eggs and egg masses laid by a female at $25^{\circ}C$ were 496 and 21.3, respectively, The longevity of adult female was shortened with increasing temperature, whereas the total numbers of eggs laid by a female were decreased.