• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1996

Ovulation of maturing female yellow puffer, Takifugu obscrus, was induced by using single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or gonadotropin releasing hormone-analogue (GnRH-A) $des-Gly^{10}[D-Ala^6]$ GnRH-ethylamide plus pimozide. The response was evaluated using the fertilization and embryo-formation rate after insemination and the gonadotropin (GTH) level in blood plasma using radioimmunoassay. In the fertilization and embryo-formation, maximal effects were recorded by using 1,000 IU/kg HCG or $10\;{mu}g/kg$ GnRH-A plus 5 mg/kr pimozide. Pimozide (1, 5 mg/kg) or GnRH-A treatment alone was not effective in elevation of GTH level, however combinations of these treatments were particularly effective. Injection of dopamine blocked the rapid elevation of plasma GTH levels of blood. These data suggest that yellow puffer secrete GnRH and gonadotropin-releasing-inhibiting factor during the spawning or the other period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1980

The purpose of the present study is to find the color induced maximum gathering rate and to observed'the trend of the - gathering rate by using two species of commercial fishes: rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminet et Schlegel) and 'grass puffer, Fugu niphobles (Jordan et Snyder). An experimental tank($360L{\times}50W{\times}55H cm$) was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to the two end of tank to fix horizontal light intensity by co~bination c' one light bulb(20W) and four filters (red, blue, yellow, white) and the five regulating filters in order to fix light intensity. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50 cm lever in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60 em long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 40 minutes prior to the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rates ,were obtain from the average number of fish in each secion. The color induced maximum gathering rate of rock bream appeared to be red, blue yellow and white color orderly.However, that of grass puffer appeared to be blue, white, yellow and red color orderly. Trend of the gathering rate in illumination time showed the remarkable fluctuation in the rock bream and little difference at the two color light sources. However, trend of the gathering rate in illumination time showed the little fluctuation in grass puffer and much difference at the two color light sources.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.725-732
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• 2013

To identify the food component characteristics of seven edible pufferfishes (five wild pufferfishes including striped puffer Takifugu xanthopterus; eyespot puffer Takifugu chinensis; purple puffer Takifugu porphyreus; rough-backed puffer Lagocephalus wheeleri; and grass puffer Takifugu niphobles; and two cultured pufferfishes including yellow puffer Takifugu obscurus, and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes) in Korea, the proximate, fatty/amino acid, chemical and taste compositions were investigated. The proximate compositions were not significantly different among the sampled pufferfishes, whereas grass puffer had lower moisture and crude lipid levels contents, and higher crude protein and ash contents than the other species. The total amino acid levels in wild and cultured pufferfishes were 14,941.6-16,427.9 mg/100 g, and the major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, leucine, lysine and arginine. Regarding the fatty acid and mineral compositions, the major fatty acids included 22:6n-3, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3, 18:0, 20:4n-3, and 22:5n-3 in that order, and there was a little difference among the sampled pufferfishes. Grass puffer had a higher monoenes ratio, i.e., 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, and a lower polyenes ratio than the other pufferfishes. The main minerals detected K, P, Na, S and Ca. Regarding the taste-active compounds, the free amino acid contents of pufferfish extracts were 236.4-428.1 mg/100 g, consisting primarily of taurine, lysine, proline, glycine, alanine and arginine in that order. The amino nitrogen content of the pufferfishes was 84.5-156.4 mg/100 g, and there was a little difference among the species. As for taste intensity, the total taste value of the purple puffer was higher than that of the other pufferfishes.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1996

We described morphological characteristics of embryonic, larval, and juvenile period of the yellow puffer, Takifugu obscurus. We defined seven periods of embryogenesis the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharygula, and hatching periods. The eggs were adhesive and spherical in shape. The egg yolk had numerous tiny oil globules. Hatching began about 280 hours after insemination at $17.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Melanopores of star shape were seen on yolk, head and trunk during the pharygula and hatching period. The hatched larvae haying large yolk were $3.00\~3.54$ mm in size with $25\~26$ myomeres. The larvae completely absorbed the yolk materials and oil globules within 7 days after hatching and became post-larvae. Laval fish became juveniles within 60 days after hatching, and they reached $23.54\~30.12$ mm in total length and had fin-rays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 1994

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of Striped puffer. Fugu xanthoperus (Temminck et Schlegel) to the color lights. The experimental tank (300L$\times$50W$\times$50Hcm) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe the location of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50cm level. Light bulbs of 20W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and the were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity was controlled by use of auxiliary filiters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 60 minutes before they were employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The colors favourited by the fish was found in order of blue, yellow, white and red in the daytime, and blue, white, yellow and red at night. The difference of the average distribution on two different colors of light was 13.12%(4.10-26.55%), and the difference in the daytime(14.79%) was larger than at night (11.45%). Constantly the gathering rate of fish on illumination period was fluctuated with instability. As the gathering rate of fish on illumination period was fluctuated with instability. As the gathering rate on one color of light increased, the gathering rate on the other color of light decreased. The difference of the gathering rate on two different colors of light was comparatively distinct and the difference in the daytime was larger than at night.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

When we think of fundamental problems of the aquaculture industry, there are several strict conditions, and consequently the aquaculture industry is forced to change. Fish aquaculture has a structural supply surplus in production, aggravation of fishing grounds, stagnant low price due to recent recession, and drastic change of distribution circumstances. It is requested for us to initiate discussion on such issue as “how fish aquaculture establishes its status in the coastal fishery\ulcorner, will fish aquaculture grow in the future\ulcorner, and if so “how it will be restructured\ulcorner” The above issues can be observed in the mariculture of yellow tail, sea scallop and eel. But there have not been studied concerning seabream even though the production is over 30% of the total production of fish aquaculture in resent and it occupied an important status in the fish aquaculture. The objectives of this study is to forecast the future movement of sea bream aquaculture. The first goal of the study is to contribute to managerial and economic studies on the aquaculture industry. The second goal is to identify the factors influencing the competition between production areas and to identify the mechanisms involved. This study will examine the competitive power in individual producing area, its behavior, and its compulsory factors based on case study. Producing areas will be categorized according to following parameters : distance to market and availability of transportation, natural environment, the time of formation of producing areas (leaderㆍfollower), major production items, scale of business and producing areas, degree of organization in production and sales. As a factor in shaping the production area of sea bream aquaculture, natural conditions especially the water temperature is very important. Sea bream shows more active feeding and faster growth in areas located where the water temperature does not go below 13∼14$^{\circ}C$ during the winter. Also fish aquaculture is constrained by the transporting distance. Aquacultured yellowtail is a mass-produced and a mass-distributed item. It is sold a unit of cage and transported by ship. On the other hand, sea bream is sold in small amount in markets and transported by truck; so, the transportation cost is higher than yellow tail. Aquacultured sea bream has different product characteristics due to transport distance. We need to study live fish and fresh fish markets separately. Live fish was the original product form of aquacultured sea bream. Transportation of live fish has more constraints than the transportation of fresh fish. Death rate and distance are highly correlated. In addition, loading capacity of live fish is less than fresh fish. In the case of a 10 ton truck, live fish can only be loaded up to 1.5 tons. But, fresh fish which can be placed in a box can be loaded up to 5 to 6 tons. Because of this characteristics, live fish requires closer location to consumption area than fresh fish. In the consumption markets, the size of fresh fish is mainly 0.8 to 2kg.Live fish usually goes through auction, and quality is graded. Main purchaser comes from many small-sized restaurants, so a relatively small farmer and distributer can sell it. Aquacultured sea bream has been transacted as a fresh fish in GMS ,since 1993 when the price plummeted. Economies of scale works in case of fresh fish. The characteristics of fresh fish is as follows : As a large scale demander, General Merchandise Stores are the main purchasers of sea bream and the size of the fish is around 1.3kg. It mainly goes through negotiation. Aquacultured sea bream has been established as a representative food in General Merchandise Stores. GMS require stable and mass supply, consistent size, and low price. And Distribution of fresh fish is undertook by the large scale distributers, which can satisfy requirements of GMS. The market share in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market shows Mie Pref. is dominating in live fish. And Ehime Pref. is dominating in fresh fish. Ehime Pref. showed remarkable growth in 1990s. At present, the dealings of live fish is decreasing. However, the dealings of fresh fish is increasing in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. The price of live fish is decreasing more than one of fresh fish. Even though Ehime Pref. has an ideal natural environment for sea bream aquaculture, its entry into sea bream aquaculture was late, because it was located at a further distance to consumers than the competing producing areas. However, Ehime Pref. became the number one producing areas through the sales of fresh fish in the 1990s. The production volume is almost 3 times the production volume of Mie Pref. which is the number two production area. More conversion from yellow tail aquaculture to sea bream aquaculture is taking place in Ehime Pref., because Kagosima Pref. has a better natural environment for yellow tail aquaculture. Transportation is worse than Mie Pref., but this region as a far-flung producing area makes up by increasing the business scale. Ehime Pref. increases the market share for fresh fish by creating demand from GMS. Ehime Pref. has developed market strategies such as a quick return at a small profit, a stable and mass supply and standardization in size. Ehime Pref. increases the market power by the capital of a large scale commission agent. Secondly Mie Pref. is close to markets and composed of small scale farmers. Mie Pref. switched to sea bream aquaculture early, because of the price decrease in aquacultured yellou tail and natural environmental problems. Mie Pref. had not changed until 1993 when the price of the sea bream plummeted. Because it had better natural environment and transportation. Mie Pref. has a suitable water temperature range required for sea bream aquaculture. However, the price of live sea bream continued to decline due to excessive production and economic recession. As a consequence, small scale farmers are faced with a market price below the average production cost in 1993. In such kind of situation, the small-sized and inefficient manager in Mie Pref. was obliged to withdraw from sea bream aquaculture. Kumamoto Pref. is located further from market sites and has an unsuitable nature environmental condition required for sea bream aquaculture. Although Kumamoto Pref. is trying to convert to the puffer fish aquaculture which requires different rearing techniques, aquaculture technique for puffer fish is not established yet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.44-53
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• 1989

In order to grasp the characteristics of a fishing ground at yeosu bay, the fluctuation in condition of the coast and that in catch by pound nets in the coast were investigated respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The water temperature in spring and summer was higher at the coast side than off shore, but in autumn and winter took the reverse. 2. The salinity was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. A lower salinity zone was found at the Dolsan Do coast and higher ones were made off shore. 3. A eddy current was found at the Dolsan Do coast and a thermocline were made at the depth of 30 to 40 m in summer. But in autumn and winter the water became homogeneous. 4. The annual catch by the pound net was highest in 1984 and then decreased gradually. The monthly catch was highest in June and then decreased gradually. 5. The catches seemed to increase with the sea water temperature and salinity, and great catch was shown in 21$^{\circ}C$ to 27$^{\circ}C$ and 33.80% to 34.00%. 6. The component rate of fishes was 28.4% in spanish mackerel, 17.9% in anchovy, 19.5% in horse mackerel, 21.0% in sardine, 7.2% in hairtail, and 1% in common mackerel. 7. The fishes appeared continuously on way of fishing operation were spanish mackerel, hairtail, Yellow talil, crab, etc. An anchovy and sardine were caught mainly from March to July or August, horese mackerel and common mackerel from May to November. but puffer, swell fish, saury and filefish were caught mainly from April to October. 8. The sum of catch was largest in June, at which the wind direction was NE to SSW, the speed below 3.2m/sec, the atmospheric pressure below 1008mb, and precipitation beyond 154mm.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.59-74
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• 2001

In oriental medicine, food are regarded as important one like medicine. Especially Sasang medicine put emphasis on diet, it regarded food as a important one by taking food according to their own constitution in the point of improving health condition and preventing diseases. In this report, the author try to find out the relationship between food preference and each suitable food according to Sasang constitution by using survey data. The results are like this. 1. In constitutional distribution patterns among 203 person(male : 118 person, female : 85 person) reveal Soyang Group 58person(28.6%), Taeum Group 61(30%) and Soeum Group 84(41.4%). And their were no significant difference in their height in all group according to gender. Compared with the other groups, When compared with the other groups on body weight and BMI, Taeum Group indicate significantly high body weight and BMI(Body Mass Index) in both gender. 2. Taeum Group show significantly high smoking rate. But alcohol drinking rates reveal no significant difference in all groups. 3. In the Survey about food preference according to the constitution, rice, Soju, watermelon show significantly high preference in case of suitable food to each group. But perilla seeds, coffee, ginger tea show insignificant results. 4. In the survey about food preference according to the constitution and sex, welsh onion, crab preserved with soysauce, beer show significantly high preference in case of suitable food to each group. But glutinous rice, cooked barley, water dropwort muchim, lettuce, dog meat, egg, yellow croaker, coffee, ginger tea, and Soju show insignificant results. 5. In the survey about food preference according to the constitution and age, rice, watermelon, onion, garlic, salt and Soju show significantly high preference in case of suitable food to each group. But sugar and perilla seeds show insignificant results. 6. In the survey about food preference according to constitution, sex and age, glutinous rice, soybean milk, banana, crab preserved with soysauce, sea cucumber, sea mustard, Soju, beer, onion, garlic, salt show high preference in case of suitable food to each group. But cooked barley, sugar, water dropwort muchim, dog meat, puffer soup and perilla seeds show insignificant results.