• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.353-357
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• 2001

Differential response of genotypes to temporal environmental heterogeneity may contribute to the long-term persistence of these genotypes within a population. In this experiment, we experimentally tested whether groups by season interactions for germination and seedling growth can explain genetic variability within the population. To determine whether seeds collected during the four seasons respond differentially to temperature treatments, two-way ANOVA was performed. This study indicates that seasonal environments have large effects on demography. Groups within populations respond differentially to seasonal environments by influencing population growth that may in turn influence community composition. Most importantly, the study showed that temporal heterogeneity in the environment might functions as a mechanism that maintains within-population genetic diversity.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.93-104
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• 2001

The author analyzed acoustic parameters of ten Korean numbers produced by ten male students using Praat. Variations of f0, F1, F2 and F3 within and between speakers were examined by determining an average and standard deviation of the parameters of each number and by comparing the acoustic values with one another. Results showed that each subject produced the numbers within a certain range of variation across time. Thus, speaker identification can be more certain using dynamic information of the acoustic parameters within each vocalic segment. Also, percent difference of within-subjects' variation to that of between-subjects can be utilized to determine which sounds would be better stimuli for speaker identification. According to the criteria, the number '2' proved the best stimulus while the number '7' was the worst. Future studies will be necessary to explore robust methods of speaker identification under noisy conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2011

The ultimate goal of construction is to complete the given work in the most economical and safest way within the required construction period while meeting the quality standards specified in the design drawing. There are a few characteristics of finish work. First, executed in subdivided processes, finish work involves a very diverse and complex structure. Second, there are no criteria for each segmented process with regard to the appropriate time of input. Third, it is not very necessary to set priorities for lead and lag works. This study intends to provide information on the completion of a project in accordance with the required duration by setting priorities in the delay of each detailed process of finish work to minimize delay in finish work. In this study, finish work is divided into wet work and other types of finish work, and the importance of each process is classified based on the given details of each process. In addition, the study employs a survey to analyze delay factors of a designer, a constructor, and a supplier. Using the survey results, the study sets priorities in delay of final work to provide information on the completion of an apartment project within the planned construction period.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2008

Due to the development and expansion of industries and medical standards, the number of workers who handle organic solvents within hospitals is increasing. The authors in this study intended to investigate the actual conditions of the handling of the solvents and to encourage the recognition that the exposure to such solvents may be possible because of insensitivity to safety. In order to investigate the actual conditions of exposure of workers within hospitals, the experimental group included the three sections (Pathology department, Central Supply Room, and Operating Room), which handle organic solvents most frequently. Meanwhile, university interns were selected to be the control group. This study was conducted between May 1 to May 30, 2007, and urine was taken as samples. Hippuric acid, mandelic acid, methylhippuric acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid were analyzed through gas chromatography, and a total of 52 subjects of the experimental and the control groups were performed of the analysis. As for the results of the analysis of the experimental group, the exposure to benzene was $42.27{\pm}3.70mg/g$ creatinine, that of xylene was $1.30{\pm}0.18g/g$ creatinine, and that of toluene was $2.36{\pm}0.24g/g$ creatinine. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the control group showed that the exposure to benzene was $15.54{\pm}2.85mg/g$ creatinine, that of xylene was $0.52{\pm}0.02g/g$ creatinine, and that of toluene was $0.85{\pm}0.20g/g$ creatinine. The amount of exposure to benzene, xylene, and toluene was shown to be under the maximum permitted level, but as for Pathology department, it was required to educate on working conditions, to educate workers on prevention management about their health, and to install fume hood and exhaust system to improve the environments.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2000

This paper presents a macro script to analyze numeric sounds by a speech analysis shareware, Praat, and analyzes those sounds produced by three students who were born and raised in Pusan. Recording was done in a quiet office. To make a meaningful comparison, dynamic time points in relation to the total duration of voicing segments were determined to measure acoustical values. Results showed that a strong correlation coefficient was found between the repetitive production of numeric sounds within and across the speakers. Very high coefficients among diphthongal numbers (0 and 6) which usually show wide formant variation were noticed. This supports that each speaker produced numbers quite coherently. Also, the frequency differences between the three subjects were within a perceptually similar range. To identify a speaker among others may require to find subtle individual differences within this range. Perceptual experiments by synthesized numeric sounds may lead to resolve the issue.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 1999

A new E-$\varepsilon$ turbulence numerical model is proposed for analysing the turbulent air flow field within are urban street canyon. In this model the equations of eddy viscosity and energy dissipation ae reformed by considering the Kolmogorov time scale and streamline curvature effect. Application results of the new E-$\varepsilon$ model have been compared with those of standard E-$\varepsilon$ model and Yang and Shih's one, which are commonly used ones in engineering fields, and with field experiment results of DePaul and Sheih. The new model appears to be generally superior to other both models in the prediction of an air flow field within street canyon.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study is to present the basic data required for effective communication by identifying the effects of communication within the hospital organization on organizational conflict and organizational performance. Methods: For this study 298 medical workers and general administrative staff working in small and medium hospitals were selected. Results: Upward and downward communication had a negative effect on individual conflict and on upward, and horizontal communication between individuals. Likewise, horizontal communication had a negative effect on conflict between groups. Upward, downward, and horizontal communication are defined based on organizational performance. It has been shown to affect. Conclusions: In order to improve conflict management and performance within hospital organizations, effective communication plans appropriate to the situation and targets have to be developed.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2013

Objectives : To observe the changes in the expression of neurotransmitters NO and enzymes that create NO, such as nNOS, iNOS and eNOS, upon the needle insertion on river point, one of the five transport points of three yang meridians on the forefoot. Methods : Based on rats, needle was inserted on both sides of LI5, SI5 and TE6, which are river points of three yang meridians on the forefoot, and were retained for five minutes. After the retention, blood was drawn via cardiac puncture and tissues from each point around meridian vessels were extracted to be examined on the changes of the expression of NO, as well as of nNOS, iNOS and eNOS. Results : In terms of the effect on NO creation in tissues, none of the experimental groups showed any significant change compared to the Normal group. In terms of the effect on expression of nNOS within tissues, LI5 and SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. In iNOS within tissues, LI5 and SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. In eNOS within tissues, SI5 showed significant increase based on the results of immunohistochemistry. Conclusions : The effect on the function of NO, nNOS, iNOS and eNOS of needle insertion on the river points of three yang meridians on the forefoot could be observed, and based on this study, it is considered that the effect of needle stimulation on the changes of nervous system could be found out through additional research.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2001

Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 thin films are prepared by IBS(ion beam sputtering) technique. Three phases of Bi-2201, Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 appear as stable ones in spite of the conditions for thin film fabrication of Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 compositions, depending on substrate temperature (T $_{sub}$) and ozone pressure(PO$_3$). It is found out that these phases are limited within very narrow temperature.e.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.203-212
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• 2004

International nuclear export control regimes have been continuously strengthening through revision of guidelines to prevent a horizontal nuclear proliferation. Recently, they have been trying to include sensitive technologies, information exchange on export permission and supply conditions to their guidelines. Therefore, this study analyzes current issues of the amended guidelines within international export control regimes and proposes a proper solution to effectively implement the national regulation.