• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 1993

Mercuric chloride, inorganic compound, is one of the most important drugs that has been used in the field of argriculture, antisyphilitica and anticeptics, but it is not used clinically at present. We have studied the effect of testosterone on the mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity. Renal lipid peroxide concentration of male rat treated with mercuric chloride was significantly increased in comparison with that of the female rat, it showed similar effects on testosterone pretreatment. Changes in renal catalase and gluta- thione peroxidase activities were not siginificantly different in testosterone-treated groups. But, renal xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities of testrosterone-treated group given mercuric chloride significantly increased in comparison with that of the testoste- rone-treated alone. Animals treated with testosterone prior to mercuric chloride showed more severe damage on histological observations than those treated with testosterone only. Consequently, we suggest that the mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity might be renal lipid peroxide generating enzyme system by testosterone.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to evaluate as antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation. Silymarin and silybin extracted from Silybum marianum were successively purified wit solvent fractionation by silica gel column chromatography. These isoflavonoid inhibited superoxide anion production in the xanthine oxidase system. In the rat liver microsomes, silymarin or silybin rapidly inhibited lipid peroxidation which was initiated enzymatically by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) or non-enzymatically by ascorbic acid or Fenton's reagent (H2O2+Fe2+). Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was also inhibited by silymarin and silybin. silymarin and silybin inhibited on terminating radical chain reaction during lipid peroxidation in the enzymatic system of microsomes or in the linoleic acid hydroperoxide induced peroxidation system.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2014

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are implicated in cellular signaling processes and as a cause of oxidative stress. Recent studies indicate that ROS and RNS are important signaling molecules involved in nociceptive transmission. Xanthine oxidase (XO) system is a well-known system for superoxide anions ($O{_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$) generation, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a representative nitric oxide (NO) donor. Patch clamp recording in spinal slices was used to investigate the role of $O{_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$ and NO on substantia gelatinosa (SG) neuronal excitability. Application of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) compound induced membrane depolarization. Low concentration SNP ($10{\mu}M$) induced depolarization of the membrane, whereas high concentration SNP (1 mM) evoked membrane hyperpolarization. These responses were significantly decreased by pretreatment with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN; nonspecific ROS and RNS scavenger). Addition of thapsigargin to an external calcium free solution for blocking synaptic transmission, led to significantly decreased X/XO-induced responses. Additionally, X/XO and SNP-induced responses were unchanged in the presence of intracellular applied PBN, indicative of the involvement of presynaptic action. Inclusion of GDP-${\beta}$-S or suramin (G protein inhibitors) in the patch pipette decreased SNP-induced responses, whereas it failed to decrease X/XO-induced responses. Pretreatment with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM; thiol-alkylating agent) decreased the effects of SNP, suggesting that these responses were mediated by direct oxidation of channel protein, whereas X/XO-induced responses were unchanged. These data suggested that ROS and RNS play distinct roles in the regulation of the membrane excitability of SG neurons related to the pain transmission.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 1991

In cytosolic (raction of adult Paragonimus westermani, superoxide dismutase activity was identified (4.3 units/mg of specific activity) using a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The enzyme was purified 150 fold in its activity using the ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Trisacryl M anion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 molecular sieve chromatography. The enzyme exhibited the enhanced activity at pH 10.0. The enzyme activity totally disappeared in 1.0mM cyanide while it remained 77.8% even in 10 mM azide. These findings indicated that the ensyme was Cu, Zn-SOD type. Molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 34 kDa by gel filtration and 17 kDa on reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which indicated a dimer protein.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2017

The caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (medullary dorsal horn; MDH) receives direct inputs from small diameter primary afferent fibers that predominantly transmit nociceptive information in the orofacial region. Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in persistent pain, primarily through spinal mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) system, a known generator of superoxide anion ($O_2{^-}$), on membrane excitability in the rat MDH neurons. For this, we used patch clamp recording and confocal imaging. An application of X/XO ($300{\mu}M/30mU$) induced membrane depolarization and inward currents. When slices were pretreated with ROS scavengers, such as phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, X/XO-induced responses decreased. Fluorescence intensity in the DCF-DA and DHE-loaded MDH cells increased on the application of X/XO. An anion channel blocker, 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS), significantly decreased X/XO-induced depolarization. X/XO elicited an inward current associated with a linear current-voltage relationship that reversed near -40 mV. X/XO-induced depolarization reduced in the presence of $La^{3+}$, a nonselective cation channel (NSCC) blocker, and by lowering the external sodium concentration, indicating that membrane depolarization and inward current are induced by influx of $Na^+$ ions. In conclusion, X/XO-induced ROS modulate the membrane excitability of MDH neurons, which was related to the activation of NSCC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.901-907
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin o n free radical generation system and peroxidative damage in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Spragu-Dawley male rats weighing 150$\pm$10gm were randomly assigned to one normal and three STZ-induced diabetic groups; diabetic groups were classified to catechin free diet(DM-oC group), 0.5% catechin diet(DM-0.5C group) and 1% catechin diet(DM-1C group) according to the levels of dietary catechin supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 55mg/kg of body wt of STZ in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after feeding of three experimental diet for 4 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day of diabetic states. Activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GPT) in DM-oC groups were higher than those of the normal group, and those in catechin supplementation group were similar to those of the normal group. Liver lipid peroxide values increased by 153%, 49%, and 27% in Dm-oC, DM-0.5C and DM-0C and Dm-1C but was not significantly different in catechin supplementation groups compared with the normal group, and liver cytochrome $P_{450}$ contents was similar to result of XOD activity. In electron microscopic examination of liver, lysosome was relatively scattered in Dm-oC and Dm-0.5C group and preserved normal shapes in DM-1C group. The present results indicate that STZ-induced diabetic rats are more sensitive to oxidative stress, leading to the acceleration of lipid peroxidation process, but this was reduced by anti-oxidative effect of high level of dietary catechin. It is concluded that dietary catechin serves as powerful antioxidant against lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2008

Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl 4,4' -dipyridium dichloride; PQ) is a kind of herbicide. Terminalia chebulae (TC) has been used as a medicine in China and in Korea for treating illnesses such as diarrhea, collapsed anus, spasmodic, diphtheria, asthma etc.. This study was to examin new physiological activities of methanol extract of TC (TCM) on the toxicity of PQ. It was observed biochemical effects on the toxicity of PQ in kidney and lung tissues after treatment orally administered 100, 200, 300 mg/kg of TCM daily for two weeks. In the experiment related to the toxicity of PQ, we got following results: renal and pulmonary lipid peroxide contents, activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase were significantly increased in control group as compared with normal group, in the treatment of TCM the values were decreased as compared with control group. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase which are free radical scavenging enzymes were also increased in control group as compared with normal goup, but were decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. Collagen content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in lung tissue were increased in control group as compared with normal, but was decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. From these results, we concluded that TCM can playa role as an effective agent to decrease toxicity of PQ.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.192.2-192.2
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• 2003

Apigenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, chrysoeriol, and luteolin were isolated from the aqueous ethanolic extract of Zostera marina L. leaves as the scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the SC$\_$50/ values of 0.18 mM, 0.68 mM, and 0.18 mM against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 0.04 mM, 0.03 mM, and 0.01 mM against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. The luteolin suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) up to 44% at 4.0 ${\mu}$M. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.518-523
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• 1996

The sensor to determine ATPase activities was consisted of an immobilized enzyme membrane(purine nucloside phosphoryrase and xanthine oxidase) and an oxygen electrode. The proposed sensor was used for the determination of $K^+-, Ca^{2}+- and Mg^{2+}-$ATPase activities in several fish muscle proteins such as Thunnus albacares(Yellowfin tuna), Tetrapturus audax(Striped marlin), Prognichthys agoo(Japanese flyingfish), and Cypvinus carpio(Carp). $K^+-, Ca^{2}-$ATPase activities measured by the proposed sensor system were in good agreement with the results obtained by a conventional colorimetric assay. One cycle of assay could be completed within 3mlnutes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.113-121
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• 1999

This Study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of GalHwaHaJungTang(GHT) on the gastric lesions indused by ethanol in rats. Rats were pretreated with GHT extract 1.7ml/kg, 3.4ml/kg, 5ml/kg and then were given orally 1ml of absolute ethanol 30min later. The animals were killed 1hr after ethanol treatment In morphorogic change, ethanol induced prominent longitudinal hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach. But GHT-pretreatment showed a dose-depentent decrease in the mucosa lesions. GHT extract siginificantly reduced lipid peroxidation and also induced an increase of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and gluthathion(GSH) levels, but showed no influence in the type conversion of xanthine oxidase. These results suggest that the proposed gastroprotective effect may involve activation of antioxidant effects, but independent of the xanthine oxidase system.