• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

To examine the materials, production techniques, and key features of Goryeo wooden lacquerwares, scientific analysis was conducted on six relevant lacquerware items. All of the items, except for a lacquered bowl ^{duksu 4123}, were found to have been made by first covering the surface of the wood with cloth and then varnishing with lacquer. The wooden frames of flower-shaped lacquered case and pine leaves shape lacquered case were made by wrapping thin wood around either the lid or bottom panel. In most cases, microscopic analysis revealed a lower layer of lacquer mixed with bone ash and bone dust, followed by an upper varnish layer of lacquer. SEM-EDS analysis and μ-XRF ^{Micro-X-ray Fluorescence} analysis showed that vermilion lacquer mixed with cinnabar was used on the surface. A lid decorated with a dot pattern was made by first varnishing the surface with yellow lacquer mixed with orpiment, and then irregular dot pattern with a mixture of black lacquer and soot. The vermilion lacquer used to varnish the side of the lacquered bowls was composed of lacquer mixed with cinnabar and minium ^{Red Lead}.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2011

If the nondestructive analysis is carried out by using an X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer(XRF) for ingredient analysis with the target of gold plated silverware that plates gold on a silver basis, a singular point showing big difference at the value of weight percent(wt.%) according to the electron orbit of the principal ingredient can be confirmed. The present research made reproduced samples and carried out comparative analysis in order to suggest a basis that can judge whether the technique of gold plated silverware was used in case of remains uneasy to understand with eyes by using this singular point. As a result, the same result as analysis results of actual remains could be seen in specimens manufactured by a mercury amalgam plating method. However, in case of gold and silver alloy specimens, it could be confirmed that the difference according to the electron orbit of the principal ingredients is slight unlike plated specimens. The reason appearing at plated specimens seems to be generated while absorbing XRF beam at plated layers by double structure due to plating instead of single material. Accordingly, if this result appearing at nondestructive analysis is used, it was confirmed that the application of the technique of gold plated silverware can be judged without observing its section.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.21
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• pp.53-66
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• 2019

This study describes the processes undertaken for the conservation treatment of metal artifacts excavated in Hasong-ri, Yeongwol, Gangwon-do and the results of the related surface composition analysis. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was applied to analyze the surface composition of a small gilt-bronze wind chime, two clappers, and a small gourd-shaped bronze bottle. The gourd-shaped bronze bottle was investigated using radiography to examine its internal structure. The wind chime and clappers were excavated from the same location. A gilt layer was identified on the wind chime, but surface corrosion made it difficult to identify any such layers on the clappers. The element analysis revealed that the wind chime was made of bronze in a Cu-Sn-Pb ternary system and was gilt-plated using mercury amalgam. The clappers were made from copper with a small amount of gold detected, but did not show any evidence of mercury. Since a thick corrosion layer was affixed to the surface of each clapper, it was impossible to identify the surface composition and determine if the clappers had been gilded. It is possible that the gold detected from the clappers was a foreign substance or had detached from the giltbronze wind chime buried alongside them. The small gourd-shaped bronze bottle was investigated through surface element analysis and radiography to verify if it was a type of silver bottle used as currency during the Goryeo dynasty. The radiography photography identified that a small hole in the middle of the base had been stopped up. The general surface analysis did not detect silver, which suggests that the bottle was made of bronze instead and was not one of the silver bottles used as a means of currency.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.13-22
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• 2012

The patterns for Jeogui and Pyeseul (patterns of the queen's ceremonial robe worn and a belt ornament covering knees in the front) as owned by National Museum of Korea were made in the early 20th century and both of them were colored on paper. Through a non-destructive analysis on pigments and dyes used on both the patterns, it was attempted to identify the coloring materials. As for the analysis of the coloring pigments, the XRF was used. As a result of the pigment analysis on the pattern for Jeogui, it is presumed that lead white was used for obtaining the white color, ink stick for black color, orpiment for yellow color, cinnabar and red lead for red color, copper and arsenical or a mixture of copper carbonate and orpiment for green color whereas brass seems to have been used for obtaining other colors. The pigments used for obtaining the colors of white, black, yellow and green on the pattern for Pyeseul are the same as those used on the pattern for Jeogui whereas the red pigments used on each of the two patterns are seen to be different. Although it may be difficult to identify the kinds of blue pigments that were used on the patterns for Jeogui and Pyeseul, a mixture containing lead white is presumed to be used as blue pigment. Also, as a result of the UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis performed on the blue hanji (traditional Korean paper) of the pattern for Jeogui, it was presumed to have been dyed with indigo.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2000

This study, a part of scientific analysis of the 23 Neolithic red earthenwares excavated from southeastern coast and islands. We analyzed earthenware through statistical method and hardness analysis of clay, following the analysis of clay composition, its firing temperature, pigment composition and its thickness. Clay composition was analyzed by using ICP-AES and XRF, and then Principal Component Analysis (one of multivariate methods) was used for classification. As a result, clay of the earthenware was classified into 3 groups(Bumbang, Youkjido and other sites). In addition, hardness analysis of pigment and clay based on the depth of earthenware surface showed that pigment layer containing lots of Fe₂O₃ had higher hardness than clay part, which can be interpreted that Fe₂O₃ contributes to raising hardness in case of high temperature firing. The fact that pigment hardness is higher than that of clay part implies that pigment was applied before firing.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2021

LIBS has been attracting attention as an analytical method capable of real-time measurement without sample preparation. In this study, a Lab. scale LIBS device was fabricated to examine the applicability and reproducibility of LIBS in the analysis of chloride contents in mortar. The existing analysis method and LIBS analysis were performed simultaneously on the mortar test specimen with the chloride content adjusted. Compared to the chloride content condition of the mortar, the XRF and Potentiometric Titration results also showed a similar trend. As a result of LIBS analysis, chlorine ions were detected at a wavelength of 837.59 nm according to the chloride content condition. In order to improve the precision in various concentration ranges, the LIBS signal amplification of about 50 times through the electric field enhancement was implemented. Through the verification of the aqueous solution-based reproducibility, a high correlation between the LIBS signal strength and the Cl concentration was confirmed, and the possibility of applying LIBS to the durability diagnosis of concrete damage by chloride was confirmed.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.127-144
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• 2023

"Buliseonrando," meaning "Buddhist virtues and the orchid are one and the same," was painted by Chusa Kim Jeong-hee. Four appreciation sentences are written in various fonts around the orchid drawn in the center of the painting, along with a total of 15 seals stamped. Hyperspectral image analysis(HSI), microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were conducted with a focus on the seals and the parts of the painting that have been applied with a conservation treatment. As a result of the analyses, the seals were classified into two types-seals with or without barium content. Stamp shade was identified only in five of themstamps, which allows the assumption that the composition and material characteristics of the stamp inks varied depending on the period. In particular, hyperspectral image analysis confirms traces of conservation treatment on the seals and the lost parts identified in addition to the 15 seals, which also demonstrates the utility of hyperspectral image analysis.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.213-224
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• 2020

This research conducted a component analysis and conservation treatment of "Sangryangmun," a material which had been written in 1965 and was discovered during the repair project for "Jinnamgwan" in Yeosu. The "Sangryangmun" has been stored in a cylindrical metal storage; however, defects, discolorations, hardening, and damages caused by pollutants were found. Based on the XRF analysis, rust in the cylindrical metal storage, which was made of Cu, was stuck on the surface of the "Sangryangmun". Using FT-IR and Pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses, carbonyl and compounds of fatty acids were detected; the organic material on the surface of the "Sangryangmun" was identified to have belonged to oil-based components. Therefore, it was presumed that the bast fibers of a mulberry was used in the paper. To determine the conservation materials, component analysis, condition survey, and preliminary test on adhesives were conducted. Moreover, the missing parts and partial linings were filled using mulberry-fiber paper, methyl cellulose, etc.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2005

Beidellite, a member of the smectite group, was synthesized hydrothermally from dickite. Physical and chemical properties of the synthetic Na-beidellite were characterized by the analytical methods of XRD, IR, TG, DTA, EDS, XRF and ICP. The result of Greene-Kelly test indicates that the synthesized smectite is Na-beidellite. IR spectrum of synthesized beidellite exhibited Al-O-H bending vibration at $818\;cm^{-1}\;and\;770\;cm^{-1}$ which was observed particularly in pure beidellite. TGA analysis revealed that the synthesized Na-beidellite comprises $16\;wt\%$ of water. DTA curve showed an endothermic peak at $117^{\circ}C$ due to dehydration reaction and peaks at $482^{\circ}C$ and $685^{\circ}C$ due to dehydroxylation reaction. The clay mineral was transformed to mullite and cristobalite at the temperature of $1028^{\circ}C$. The CEC value, Methylene Blue test and swelling capacity was determined to be $116\~118\;cmol/kg,\;84\~91\%,\;29\~32\;mL/2g$, respectively. The chemical composition of the synthesized phase was identified as $Na_{0.5}Al_{2.5}Si_{3.5}O_{10}(OH)_2$ from EDS and XRF analyses.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.355-366
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• 2013

Diverse scientific analyses, including microstructure, ICP-AES, SEM-EDS, and P-XRF(Bench Top type and Gun type), were carried out on 6 bronze artefacts which handed from generation to generation. Also, we attempted to study applicability for authenticity of the bronze artefacts using scientific analyses based on the specific element. The results of ICP-AES analysis showed that the bronze were formed from an alloy of Cu, Sn, Pb with trace elements such as Ag, As, Co, Fe, but there were not Zn found. The result of P-XRF are 10~25% lower in Cu and 10~20% higher in Sn than that of ICP-AES. This is because of destannification that the compound of $SnO_2$ are present on the surface. The results of SEM-EDS represented that there is lead segregation. It was difficult to study applicability for authenticity of bronze artefact according to the microstructures and chemical components of the bronze artefacts. Therefore, as bronze artefacts have shown different corrosion materials depending on the buried environment and conserving environment, identifying the authenticity would be possible on the basis of the additional researches on the corrosion and comparative research of ancient art.