• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.146-151
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• 2005

The coral is precious and organic gemstone. It is Beautifully Red color. Coral jewelry have been used for a long time in Asia. Especially in Korea, The Coral is an traditional and popular gemstone. It is significant to get the base data for the purpose of distinguishing natural coral from imitation coral by comparing about gemmological character in this study. Color, luster, transparency, streak color, refractive index, hardness, chemical reaction, ultraviolet fluorescence, specific gravity, observation of microscope and XRD analysis were conducted for identification of natural and imitation coral. As a result, natural coral has usually $CaCO_3$ composition and calcite structure. But, it is known that imitation coral impregnate calcic and dyeing materials with pigment. And they were distinguished also from not only XRD analysis but also a few simple experiments like specific gravity, refractive index and chemical reaction. Natural coral is harder and luster then imitation coral. In breaking method, the streak color is used certification.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 1992

Effects of boron addition on microstructure and phases of plasma are melted tungsten have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, measurements of grain size and hardness. The change in the microstructure upon boron addition was studied by optical microscopy. It was observed that the grain refinement was induced upon content within the limit of solubility. When the boron content was above the solubility limit, two phases of primary tungsten and eutectic structure were observed and confirmed by AES and XRD analysis. It was also shown that recrystallization temperature was increased and recrystallized grain size was reduced as boron content increased.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.459-472
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• 2015

Weathering hollows which develop on various rocks are the terrain whose lithological characteristics and formation of the bed rock is under active discussion. The shore in Dapyeong-ri, Sacheon-si has alternation of strata of pelite and sandstone, and the weathering hollows develop on the shore platform and the sea cliff where sandstone is exposed. To analyze the development characteristics of weathering hollows by development of joints, interpenetration of veins and physical and chemical features of the stone, the study conducted a topographic investigation, XRD analysis and an observation using a polarizing microscope. As the result of the investigation and analysis, tafoni and gnamma are spread in the same area and new tafoni is being formed as the existing weathering hollows are destroyed by the expansion and growth of the joint. The vein, which was found to be a quartz vein, may accelerate the development of weathering hollows combining with the joint but may also hamper their growth if the veins are penetrating perpendicularly. It is generally known that weathering hollows develop regardless of the type of rocks, however, the analysis on the lithological features show that the development is limited on the fractured and broken rocks.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.69-77
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• 2012

Clogging of drainage pipes by scale is an important problem in civil engineering works. Although scale deposits can be removed by acid treatment or water jetting, these treatments are costly and have many disadvantages. In this study, scale samples from tunnel drainage pipes were analyzed using SEM-EDS and XRD. The main ingredient in scale was $CaCO_3$ of the calcite crystal form. Drainage experiments and recirculation type experiments were conducted to control and remove scale deposits, which were determined through visual and weight measuring analysis. As a result, Quantum Stick has the effect of limiting formation of scale.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2017

Zn코팅은 우수한 내식성과 경제성을 바탕으로 자동차나 건축자재 등 산업의 전반적인 분야에서 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 하지만 최근 한정된 Zn의 매장량으로 인한 원자제의 가격상승과 습식 도금과정의 환경오염 물질 배출 문제가 기존 Zn 코팅의 약점으로 지적되고 있다. 따라서 새로운 원소의 첨가로 인한 Zn의 사용량 감소나 친환경적인 공정방법을 적용하는 연구가 대두되고 있다. 최근의 연구 결과에 따르면 Zn-Mg 합금이 다른 Zn계 합금에 비해 내식성이 우수하며, 이와 같은 우수한 내식성은 $Mg_2Zn_{11}$, $MgZn_2$와 같은 Mg-Zn 이원계의 합금상에 의한 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 친환경적인 비대칭 마그네트론 스퍼터 공정을 활용하여 다양한 공정조건 하에서 Zn-Mg 박막을 합성하여 최적의 공정 조건을 도출하고자 하였다. Zn-Mg 박막 합성 시 Mg타겟의 조성은 3~10 wt.%로 변화하였으며 Zn-Mg 합금 타겟의 온도를 제어하여 박막의 Mg 조성과 타겟 온도가 Zn-Mg 도금강의 내식성 및 밀착성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 합성된 Zn-Mg 박막은 FE-SEM, EDS, XRD를 사용하여 미세조직, 두께, Mg 조성, 합금상 등을 분석하였으며, 염수분무시험 및 0T 굽힘 시험을 활용하여 Zn-Mg 박막의 내식성 및 내식성을 비교 분석하였다. FE-SE및 EDS분석 결과 Zn-Mg 박막의 Mg 조성은 합금 타겟의 조성이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, Mg 함량이 증가할수록 미세구조가 치밀하게 변화하였다. 또한 Zn-Mg 박막 합성 중 타겟의 온도가 상승할수록 박막의 치밀도는 감소하였다. XRD분석 결과 박막을 이루는 주요 합금상은 Zn상과 $Mg_2Zn_{11}$상이며 본 연구에서는 증착 조건에 따른 합금상의 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다. 염수분무실험 및 밀착성 평가 결과 박막의 미세조직이 치밀할수록 Zn-Mg 도금강의 내식성은 향상되었으나, 밀착성은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 Zn-Mg 박막이 치밀한 미세구조일수록 부식환경에서의 강판에 대한 보호 효과는 증가하는 반면, 변형 시 박막의 파괴로 인한 박리 현상이 가속되기 때문으로 판단된다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2001

The characteristics of the electrochemically Li intercalated synthetic graphite were determined from the studies with XRD method, DSC and solid $^7Li-NMR$ spectrophotometric analysis. From the results of X-ray diffraction method, it was found that the compounds in the stage 1 structure were predominantly formed. The enthalpy and entropy changes of the compounds can be obtained from the differential scanning calorimetric analysis results. From these results, it was found that exothermic and endothermic reactions of lithium intercalated into synthetic graphite are related to thermal stability of lithium ion between carbon graphene layers. From the $^7Li-NMR$ data, scientific observation found that bands are shift toward higher frequencies with increasing lithium concentration because non-occupied electron shells of Li increased in charge carrier density. Line widths of the Li intercalated synthetic graphite compounds decreased slowly because of non-homogeneous local magnetic order and the random electron spin direction for substituted Li.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.493-504
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• 1994

The morphology and structure of precipitates of formed in Nb steels were investigated using SEM, TEM and XRD. The quantitative analysis of the precipitates was performed by ICP-AES. The potentiostatic etching method was employed as an extraction method using 10% AA-methanol and 15% Na-citrate electrolytes. The two selected potentials relative to SCE(Standard Calomel Electrode), -100mV in 10% AA-methanol solution and -250mV in 15% Na-citrate solution were found to be effective for the extraction. XRD analysis showed that composition of Nb carbonitride in Nb-steel(0.01% C-0.7% Nb-0.004N) was $NbC_{0.65}N_{0.2}$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.502-507
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• 2007

X-ray diffraction method has been widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a mixture of materials since every crystalline material gives a unique X-ray diffraction pattern independently of others, with the intensity of each pattern proportional to that material's concentration in a mixture. For determination of mixing ratios, extracting source spectra correctly is important and crucial. Based on the source spectra extracted, a regression model with non-negativity constraint is applied for determining mixing ratios. In some mixtures, however, X-ray diffraction spectrum has sharp and narrow peaks, which may result in partial negative source spectrum from independent component analysis. We propose several procedures of extracting non-negative source spectra and determining mixing ratios. The proposed method is validated with experimental data on powder mixtures.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2013

This study investigates the dispersion and behavior of Au and heavy metals in the water system (soil, AMD and stream sediment) at the abandoned Bonjeong gold mine, based on XRD, aqua regia, sequential extraction, and physico-chemical analyses. The XRD analyses targeted quartz and kaolinite in the mine waste soil and quartz and goethite in stream sediment. The physico-chemical analyses of AMD with increasing distance from water system showed that pH increased from 3.00 to 3.19 and Eh decreased from 450 to 396 mV. The Au content in AMD ranged from 0.68 to 0.97 mg/L upstream, but was not detected downstream. The Au content of stream sediment was 13.76 to 22.85 mg/kg. Sequential extraction from stream sediment revealed 10.84% exchangeable (STEP I), 11.09% carbonates (STEP II), 25.53% Fe-Mn oxides (STEP III), 26.62% organic matter (STEP IV), and 24.61% residual (STEP V).

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2003

최근에 산화물 인공격자의 우수한 특성으로 인하여 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 펄스레이저 증착방법을 이용하여 산소분압 100mTorr, $650^{\circ}C$에서 LSCO/MgO 기판위에 La-50mol% 첨가된 SrTiO$_3$ (SLTO)와 SrTiO$_3$ 를 적층시켜 산화물 인공격자를 만들어 결정구조에 대하여 연구하였다. SrTiO$_3$ (STO)는 상온에서 3.904$\AA$인 cubic perovskite 구조를 가지고 있다. 일반적으로 La$^{3+}$ (1.14$\AA$)은 Sr$^{2+}$(1.12$\AA$)과 이온반경이 거의 유사하기 때문에 ABO 페로브스카이트 구조의 A자리에 치환될 것으로 기대되며 또한 Sr$^{2+}$ 자리에 La$^{3+}$ 가 치환되므로써 발생하는 charge compensation은 Sr 자리에 Vacancy 생성으로 판단된다. 인공격자의 성장확인을 위하여 SLTO와 STO를 10층씩 증착하여 XRD분석을 통하여 평가하여 보았다. 확인된 결과를 바탕으로 산화물 인공격자의 적층 주기를 SLTO layer를 한층으로 고정시키고 STO를 한 층에서 다섯 층까지 다양하게 변화시켰다. 본 연구의 목적은 산화물 인공격자에서 결정결함을 제어하여 소자에 응용할 수 있는 전기적 물성을 평가하기 위함이다. X-ray diffraction 결과 SLTO/STO 인공격자는 (001) 방향으로 우선배향하였으며 적층주기에 따라 격자상수의 변화를 보였다. AES의 depth profile 분석을 통하여 La의 분포를 확인하였으며, HRTEM 분석을 통하여 미세구조분석을 실시하였다.