• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2012

Reinforced concrete shear walls and X-type steel braces were applied in seismic retrofit techniques for seismic performance evaluation of school buildings constructed in accordance with standard design announced by the ordinance of the ministry of construction in 1980s. Seismic performance evaluation was based on FEMA 356 using response spectrum as elastic analysis and conducted to pushover analysis with nonlinear static analysis. The maximum displacement ratio between floors in 4th and 3rd floors of the existing school buildings was less than 1.0%, which was functioning level in FEMA 356. However, because plastic hinge occurs somewhat in structural members according to the results of pushover analysis, partial reinforcement will be required. X-direction of the maximum lateral displacement of reinforced concrete shear walls than X-type steel braces was 45% and 32% in 4th and 3rd floors of school buildings, and Y-direction was 18% and 17%, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.491-506
• /
• 2014

Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) have excellent hysteretic behavior while buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are susceptible to residual lateral deformations. To address this drawback, a novel self-centering (SC) BRB with Basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) composite tendons is presented in this work. The configuration and mechanics of proposed BFRP-SC-BRBs are first discussed. Then an 1840-mm-long BFRP-SC-BRB specimen is fabricated and tested to verify its hysteric and self-centering performance. The tested specimen has an expected flag-shaped hysteresis character, showing a distinct self-centering tendency. During the test, the residual deformation of the specimen is only about 0.6 mm. The gap between anchorage plates and welding ends of bracing tubes performs as expected with the maximum opening value 6 mm when brace is in compression. The OpenSEES software is employed to conduct numerical analysis. Experiment results are used to validate the modeling methodology. Then the proposed numerical model is used to evaluate the influence of initial prestress, tendon diameter and core plate thickness on the performance of BFRP-SC-BRBs. Results show that both the increase of initial prestress and tendon diameters can obviously improve the self-centering effect of BFRP-SC-BRBs. With the increase of core plate thickness, the energy dissipation is improved while the residual deformation is generated when the core plate strength exceeds initial prestress force.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2016

The 1100 foot [335 m] tall Wilshire Grand Center tower under construction in Los Angeles illustrates many key outrigger issues. The tower has a long, narrow floor plan and slender central core. Outrigger braces at three groups of levels in the tower help provide for occupant comfort during windy conditions as well as safety during earthquakes. Because outrigger systems are outside the scope of prescriptive code provisions, Performance Based Design (PBD) using Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NRHA) demonstrated acceptability to the Los Angeles building department and its peer review panel. Buckling Restrained Brace (BRB) diagonals are used at all outrigger levels to provide stable cyclic nonlinear behavior and to limit forces generated at columns, connections and core walls. Each diagonal at the lowest set of outriggers includes four individual BRBs to provide exceptional capacities. The middle outriggers have an unusual 'X-braced Vierendeel' configuration to provide clear hotel corridors. The top outriggers are pre-loaded by jacks to address long-term differential shortening between the concrete core and concrete-filled steel perimeter box columns. The outrigger connection details are complex in order to handle large forces and deformations, but were developed with contractor input to enable practical construction.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.683-695
• /
• 2022

Conventional braces are often used to provide stiffness to structures; however due to buckling they cannot be used as seismic energy dissipating elements. In this study, a seismic energy dissipation device is proposed which is comprised of a bracing member and a steel hysteretic damper made of steel hexagonal plates. The hexagonal shaped designated fuse causes formation of plastic hinges under axial deformation of the brace. The main advantages of this damper compared to conventional metallic dampers and buckling-restrained braces are the stable and controlled energy dissipation capability with ease of manufacture. The mechanical behavior of the damper is formulated first and a design procedure is provided. Next, the theoretical formulation and the efficiency of the damper are verified using finite element (FE) analyses. An analytical model of the damper is established and its efficiency is further investigated by applying it to seismic retrofit of a case study structure. The seismic performance of the structure is evaluated before and after retrofit in terms of maximum interstory drift ratio, top story displacement, residual displacement, and energy dissipation of dampers. Overall, the median of maximum interstory drift ratios is reduced from 3.8% to 1.6% and the residual displacement decreased in the x-direction which corresponds to the predominant mode shape of the structure. The analysis results show that the developed damper can provide cost-effective seismic protection of structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.273-291
• /
• 2020

Two-storey X-bracings are currently very popular in European practice, as respect to chevron and simple X bracings, owing to the advantages of reducing the bending demand in the brace-intercepted beams in V and inverted-V configurations and optimizing the design of gusset plate connections. However, rules for two-storey X braced frames are not clearly specified within current version of EN1998-1, thus leading to different interpretations of the code by designers. The research presented in this paper is addressed at investigating the seismic behaviour of two-storey X concentrically braced frames in order to revise the design rules within EN1998-1. Therefore, five different design criteria are discussed, and their effectiveness is investigated. With this aim, a comprehensive numerical parametric study is carried out considering a set of planar frames extracted from a set of structural archetypes that are representative of regular low, medium and high-rise buildings. The obtained results show that the proposed design criteria ensure satisfactory seismic performance.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.243-253
• /
• 2011

본 논문은 내진설계규정이 적용되지 않은 국내 철근콘크리트 학교 건물에 관한 해석적 연구이다. 일본의 내진진단과 비선형 정적 및 동적 해석을 통하여 대상 건축물의 내진 성능을 평가하였다. 일본의 내진진단 방법에 기초하여 철근 콘크리트 학교 건물의 부족한 내진 성능을 파악하였다. 또한, 횡하중을 받는 학교 건물의 내진거동이 해석적으로 평가되었다. 건축물의 내진 보강을 위하여 1,300kN의 내력을 받는 전단벽과 K형 가새골조가 사용되었다. 비선형 정적해석 결과, 보강에 의한 전단내력은 보강 전에 비하여 30%이상의 향상을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 전단벽 보강 시 최대 하중 이후에서 가새골조 보강에 비해 큰 강성저하를 나타내었다. 또한, 성능점 산정 결과에서 가새골조로 보강된 건축물이 전단벽으로 보강된 건축물에 비해 30% 이상의 변형능력을 보였다. 한편 비선형 동적해석의 시간이력해석 결과에서는 가새골조와 전단벽에 의해 보강된 건축물의 최대 변위가 보강량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 본 연구는 이 외에도 지진 지역에서의 건축물의 내진성능 향상을 위해 다양한 지반 조건과 지진파를 고려되어야 한다고 판단된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2007년도 정기 학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.315-320
• /
• 2007

An effective reinforcement method for steel tubular joints having a large chord diameter is the use of internal ring stiffeners. This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the static strength of internally ring-stiffened tubular X- and T-joints subjected to brace axial compression loading. Nonlinear finite element analyses are used to compute the joint strength. The influence of geometrical parameters has been studied and the maximum reinforcement effect of a ring stiffener has been evaluated. A strength ratio is defined. by the ratio of ring-stiffened joint strength to unstiffened joint strength, and an equation for this strength ratio is derived by regression analysis. Design optimization for ring stiffener of tubular joints is carried out using metropolis genetic algorithm.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.23-37
• /
• 2018

In this paper, seismic provisions related to built-up special concentrically braced frames (BSCBFs) are investigated under cyclic loading using non-linear finite element analysis of a single-bay single-story frame. These braces, which contain double angle and double channel brace sections, are considered in two types of single diagonal and X-braced frames. The results of this study show that current seismic provisions such as observing the 0.4 ratio for slenderness ratio of individual elements between stitch connectors are conservative in BSCBFs, and can be increased according to the type of braces. Furthermore, such increments will lead to decreasing or remaining the current middle protected zone requirements of each BSCBFs. Failure results of BSCBFs, which are related to the plastic equivalent strain growth of members and ductility capacity of the models, show that the behaviors of double channel back-to-back diagonal braces are more desirable than those of similar face-to-face ones. Also, for double angle diagonal braces, results show that the failure of back-to-back BSCBFs occurs faster in comparison with face-to-face similar braces. In X-braced frames, cyclic and failure behaviors of built-up face-to-face models are more desirable than similar back-to-back braces in general.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 기존 강재브레이스 내진보강법이 가지는 좌굴문제 등 단점을 극복할 수 있는 중 저층 철근콘크리트 건축물에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있는 새로운 내진보강법을 개발하였다. Carbon Fiber Composite Cable (CFCC)을 이용하여 건축물 골조 외부에 X자 형태로 내진보강을 실시하고, 상부 및 하부 보 양 단부에 CFCC X-브레이싱을 고정하기 위해서 평판 및 돌출형 나사식 접합으로 내진보강을 실시하는 내진보강법으로서, 반복하중 실험을 통하여 내진보강 효과를 규명하였다. 실험체는 비교용 비보강 골조, 평판형 및 돌출형 CFCC X-브레이싱 내진보강 골조 실험체 총 3개를 제작하였다. 실험결과, 본 연구에서 개발한 CFCC 내진보강법은 강도증진형 내진보강법으로 드러났으며, 기존 강재브레이스 보강법 대비 중량증가가 거의 없으며, 재료자체가 압축에 대한 좌굴이 없으며, 경량이므로 시공성이 매우 우수하고 중량 및 체적대비 우수한 강도가 발휘될 뿐만 아니라 특히, CFCC의 직경을 변경함으로서 내진보강 목적 (강도 보강량)에 대응하여 내진성능을 쉽게 변화시킬 수 있는 장점이 있다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 지진하중을 고려한 브레이스된 강골조 구조물의 연속 및 이산화 최적설계에 관한 내용이다. 구조해석과 연속 및 이산화 최적설계를 동시에 수행할 수 있는 최적설계 프로그램을 개발하여 이를 브레이스가 없는 경우, Z-형(V), Z-형(역V), X-형(A), X-형(B), X-형(C), K-형 등의 다양한 브레이스 배치형태를 사용한 강골조 구조물에 적용하였고, 정하중, 지진하중을 고려하여 해석하였다. AISC-ASD 시방규정과 ATC-3-06에 규정한 사용성, 허용층간변위 및 다양한 제약조건을 모두 만족하는 최소중량, 설계변수 등을 도출하고, 다양한 예들의 해석결과를 비교 분석하여 내진에 적합한 브레이스 배치 형태를 제시하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다.