• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.25-57
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• 2012

This study identified motives for writing apparel product reviews in online stores, and determined what motives increase the behavior of writing reviews. It also classified store customers based on the type of writing motives, and clarified the characteristics of internet purchase behavior and of a demographic profile. Data were collected from 252 females aged 20s' and 30s' who have experience of reading and writing reviews on online shopping. The five types of writing motives were altruistic information sharing, remedying of a grievance and vengeance, economic incentives, helping new product development, and the expression of satisfaction feelings. Among five motives, altruistic information sharing, economic incentives, and helping new product development stimulate writing reviews. Store customers who write reviews were classified into three groups based on their writing motive types: Other consumer advocates(29.8%), self-interested shoppers(40.5%) and shoppers with moderate motives(29.8%). There were significant differences among three groups in writing behavior (the frequency of writing reviews, writing intent of reviews, duration of writing reviews, and frequency of online shopping) and age. Based on results, managerial implications were suggested. Long Abstract : The purpose of present study is to identify the types of writing motives on online shopping, and to clarify the motives affecting the behavior of writing reviews. This study also classifies online shoppers based on the motive types, and identifies the characteristics of the classified groups in terms of writing behavior, frequency of online shopping, and demographics. Use and Gratification Theory was adopted in this study. Qualitative research (focus group interview) and quantitative research were used. Korean women(20 to 39 years old) who reported experience with purchasing clothing online, and reading and writing reviews were selected as samples(n=252). Most of the respondents were relatively young (20-34yrs., 86.1%,), single (61.1%), employed(61.1%) and residents living in big cities(50.9%). About 69.8% of respondents read and 40.5% write apparel reviews frequently or very frequently. 24.6% of the respondents indicated an "average" in their writing frequency. Based on the qualitative result of focus group interviews and previous studies on motives for online community activities, measurement items of motives for writing after-purchase reviews were developed. All items were used a five-point Likert scale with endpoints 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). The degree of writing behavior was measured by items concerning experience of writing reviews, frequency of writing reviews, amount of writing reviews, and intention of writing reviews. A five-point scale(strongly disagree-strongly agree) was employed. SPSS 18.0 was used for exploratory factor analysis, K-means cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA(Scheffe test) and ${\chi}^2$-test. Confirmatory factor analysis and path model analysis were conducted by AMOS 18.0. By conducting principal components factor analysis (varimax rotation, extracting factors with eigenvalues above 1.0) on the measurement items, five factors were identified: Altruistic information sharing, remedying of a grievance and vengeance, economic incentives, helping new product development, and expression of satisfaction feelings(see Table 1). The measurement model including these final items was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. The measurement model had good fit indices(GFI=.918, AGFI=.884, RMR=.070, RMSEA=.054, TLI=.941) except for the probability value associated with the ${\chi}^2$ test(${\chi}^2$=189.078, df=109, p=.00). Convergent validities of all variables were confirmed using composite reliability. All SMC values were found to be lower than AVEs confirming discriminant validity. The path model's goodness-of-fit was greater than the recommended limits based on several indices(GFI=.905, AGFI=.872, RMR=.070, RMSEA=.052, TLI=.935; ${\chi}^2$=260.433, df=155, p=.00). Table 2 shows that motives of altruistic information sharing, economic incentives and helping new product development significantly increased the degree of writing product reviews of online shopping. In particular, the effect of altruistic information sharing and pursuit of economic incentives on the behavior of writing reviews were larger than the effect of helping new product development. As shown in table 3, online store shoppers were classified into three groups: Other consumer advocates (29.8%), self-interested shoppers (40.5%), and moderate shoppers (29.8%). There were significant differences among the three groups in the degree of writing reviews (experience of writing reviews, frequency of writing reviews, amount of writing reviews, intention of writing reviews, and duration of writing reviews, frequency of online shopping) and age. For five aspects of writing behavior, the group of other consumer advocates who is mainly comprised of 20s had higher scores than the other two groups. There were not any significant differences between self-interested group and moderate group regarding writing behavior and demographics.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the online review writing motives of online shopping on repurchase intention and recommendation intention about fashion merchandise. The questionnaire was administered to 279 people who had experience in online shopping. The data were analyzed by utilizing factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and t-test. The results of this study were as follow. First, the online review writing motives were divided into three categories such as benefit pursuit/hedonic shopping value, information transmission and evaluation. Second, the consumer who has experience of writing review prefers to repurchase other products in that online shopping mall and to recommend those products more than the consumer who doesn't have that experience. Third, the benefit pursuit/hedonic and information transmission had an effect on repurchasing intention and recommendation intention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect on academic achievement and science-related affective domain of elementary students though science journal writing about the units of Science textbook of the first semester of the sixth grade. The results indicate that science-journal writing has influenced the students positively in the academic achievement of a lower group's academic achievements, in science related attitudes, 'voluntariness' and 'cooperation', in science learning motives, 'self-satisfaction for science', 'superficial strategies for science', and 'expectation for science', in fear level for science subjects, its lower fear class, 'experiment performance'. A middle group was revealed to have more positive improvement in 'cooperation' and 'perseverance', both of which were lower categories of science related attitudes, and as subgrade of science learning motives, 'self-efficiency for science' and 'expectation for science' stood out. For fear level for science subjects, the lower group gained distinctive results from 'science evaluation'.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

The online shopping environment has radically changed consumer shopping behavior. Without the actual physical shopping experience in a brick-and-mortar store, consumers make purchasing decisions over the Internet. They make an effort to obtain product information not only from online merchants, but also from previous purchasers in order to make an informed decision. Accordingly, customer comments are expected to have a significant impact on decisions to purchase goods and services online. This paper focuses on one type of electronic word-of-mouth, the online consumer review. It derives several motivations why customers post product reviews on shopping mall sites. Customer motives were identified through an in depth one-on-one interview with twenty female respondents conducted twice from June $17^{th}$ to September $11^{th}$, 2009. The interviews lasted between 40 and 60 minutes. The results showed that consumers write product reviews based on six motivations: to receive a reward or remuneration for writing a product review, to share information with other customers, to improve the quality of goods and services, to reduce customer dissatisfaction, to recommend products and services, and to derive pleasure.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the educatconal function of the health related articles. The health articles of the four major daily newspapers from Jan. 1st, 1980 to Dec. 31th, 1984 were used and examined for the study. Editorials were excluded. The major results were summarized as follows: 1. The total number of the health articles subjected to the study in the four major daily newspapers was 4,431. On the whole, the health articles were appeared most frequently in 1981. As for monthly distribution, the health articles were appeared most frequently on June.(9.3%). As for weekly distribution, the health articles were appeared most frequently on wednesday and saturday(50.8%). As for the subjects of content; the health articles related to the health & disease management were appeared most frequently(52.8%), but the health articles on industrial health were showed least frequently(0.6%). 2. Reviewing the chronological trend of the health articles, the frequency of appearance of the public health administration was tended to increase year by year, whereas that of enviornmental health, industrial health and population decrease relatively. As for appealing method, it was observed that the articles providing health information were steadily increasing. As for the motives of writing the health articles, there was a tendency that seasonal motive, symphosium & seminar and compaign were increasing, but motive of legislative action and administrative action were gradually decreasing. As for type of the health articles, it was observed that interpretation and research result were steadily increasing. As for the writer of the health articles, there was a tendency that writing by reporter was increasing, whereas writing by experts was decreasing. As for tone of head, the health articles written by identification statement was tended to increase. As for the appearance of photograph & cut, it was observed that the health articles excluding photograph & cut were increasing. 3. When contents were analyzed by subjects, for the purpose of providing information was used most frequently as appealing method for all subjects. As for the motive of writing, "from the interest of writers" was most frequent. As for the type of articles, interpretation type was most prevalent for the public health administration, enviornmental health, food hygrene & nutrition, population and health behavior, while contribution by experts was most frequent for the health & disease management. As for the size of articles, all subjects except the population were appeared most frequently on the column. size between 100㎠ and 199㎠.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2014

Under high agricultural automation in rice farming, cultivation acreage expansion can be considered for the economies of scale. Also, considering the circumstances of higher ratio in leased farms than independent farms, Long-term Leasing Business of Farmland can be the most public and transparent method to expand cultivation acreage for lease farming. Therefore, this research observes the various factors such as application motives, satisfaction, and demands of Long-term Leasing Business of Farmland, which the importance is on the rise and serves as a means to increase agricultural expansion, as well as its operational performance analysis. The research results and implications are as follows. Long-term Leasing Business of Farmland have positive effects such as ensuring stable farming through documental contract, providing convenience because the lease contractor requires no meetings during the contract period, providing opportunities to expand the farm size, and acquiring economical gain which is linked to satisfaction aspects of the businesses. On the other hand, demands such as strengthened business advertisement, writing business documents by correlating with related organizations, and clear lease price configuration were made by the businesses. To bring improvements, this research proposes; 1) expanding support to related businesses, 2) providing convenience through related organization correlations, and 3) configuring clear lease prices considering the regional conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.198-209
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• 2011

In this study, pre-service science teachers' reflective thinking in their journal writing was investigated. To do this, the authors used pre-service science teachers' journal writing abilities, wherein they not only reported data and result formally, but also wrote their feelings and reflections about an inquiry-based physics experiment they performed. Pre-service science teachers' writings were decomposed into sentences and each sentence was analyzed into a framework with 4 dimensions: knowledge, procedure, orientation and attitude. Reflective thinking in knowledge dimension included reflection on what they know before the experiment, what they still do not know and what they learned from the experiment. Reflective thinking in procedure dimension included recalls of experiences about general experimental procedures and specific experimental skill. Reflective thinking in orientation dimension included their views about the nature of science and science teaching and learning, and reflective thinking in attitude dimension consisted of interests, motives and values about the experiment they performed. While there were some variations in frequency distribution of reflective thinking by the topic of experiments, pre-service science teachers' reflective thinking in journal writings revealed their metacognition on their knowledge and learning, epistemological belief about science and science learning, and affective domain related to experiment. This study can infer that such kind of writing with 'their own language' in an informal way followed by formal 'scientific' reports in a scientific experiment has a significance not only as a mediator representing reflective thinking but also as an instructional activity to facilitate reflective thinking in science learning and teaching.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2020

This case study aimed to investigate changes in adolescents' awareness of the motivation behind their excessive internet gaming after group music psychotherapy. Five middle school students participated in six 60-minute group sessions over 4 weeks. The group music psychotherapy program was developed to help participants understand their implicit reasons for excessive internet gaming. Verbal responses were obtained from pre-program and post-program interviews and original lyrics created by participants during program were collected for analysis. Obtained data were analyzed in terms of emotional and cognitive aspects in relation to the participants' awareness of the motivation behind their excessive gaming. The results showed that song writing as creative musical process allowed participants to be aware of positive and negative influence of gaming on themselves and express their motivation to change their perception on gaming behavior. Also, the participants reported that the use of musical product for their daily lives could be an effective coping strategy to manage their gaming behaviors and an alternative for gaming. The findings from this study support that group music psychotherapy can be an effective approach to promote awareness of adolescents' motives for excessive internet gaming and to help adolescents better manage their gaming behaviors.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.155-180
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• 2011

This paper aims at comparing the metanarrative and East Timor's local narrative in Indonesia during the Suharto's regime. Although these history writings have different political goals, the patterns of writings are ironically similar. Both of the history writings show strong nationalistic history writing patterns. Yet, in the writings, these histories place different interpretations on the historical events. In the metanarrative, local dynamics are seen through the diagrams of the nation and nationhood. This narrative finds the roots of the "ethnie" from some kingdoms in Java and Sumatra. These kingdoms, which throve based on the Hindu-Buddhist culture, achieved a territorial unity to a degree, covering some parts of Java and Sumatra. The glorious past disappeared with the advent of the colonial rule. The metanarrative then emphasizes the unity of the ethnic groups in the archipelago, which fiercely resisted against the colonial exploitation and oppression. By this, these ethnic groups were defined as "the masses," the collective identity, which had a same goal to achieve the national independence. In addition, some local histories, which took positive attitudes toward the European forces, were simply left out from the metanarrative. All the separatist movements taking place in the republic were also described as the anti-unifying forces. On the other hand, the goal of the history-writing in East Timor was to enhance the sense of nationalism and create the perception of the "East Timorese." The fundamental aim was the separation from Indonesia. In the narrative, the nationalist politicians overcame the problem of the non-existence of any memories of the glorious past with the awakening of the idea of "the imagined gloriousness of the past if there was no colonial rule." In addition, the narrative overemphasizes the memory of the colonial rule for 450 years under the Portuguese rule in order to stress the fact that it was the colony of Portugal, not of the Netherlands. Finally, the narrative shows how the East Timorese collectively fell to the status of slaves. By this, the political leaders of East Timor evoked the notion that it was recolonized by Indonesia, under which the East Timorese were demoted to the status of slaves. This notion of "slave-master" relationship then became the motives for the independence struggles in East Timor.