• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of wrist and trunk weight loading using sandbags in stroke patients in order to provide the quantitative data for enhancement of gait movement. Method: Twelve stroke patients, who have been diagnosed with hemiplegia over a year ago, were participated in this study. All subjects were asked to perform normal walking [N], wrist sandbag walking [W], wrist & trunk sandbag walking [WT], and both wrist sandbag walking [B] and both wrist & trunk sandbag walking [BT], respectively. Eight infrared cameras were used to collect the raw data. Gait parameters, arm swing, shoulder-pelvic kinematics, and lower extremity joint angle were calculated to examine the differences during walking. Results: As a result, there were no significant differences in the gait parameters, shoulder-pelvis, and lower extremities joint angles, but significant differences were found in the range of motion and the anteversion in arm swing. Conclusion: Wrist and trunk weight loading using sandbags affected the movement of the upper extremities only while it did not affect the movement of the lower extremities. It implies that it can reduce the risk of falling caused by a sudden movement change in lower extremities. In addition, the wrist and trunk weight loading using sandbags can induce changes in movement of the upper extremities independently and contribute to functional rehabilitation through resistance training.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2005

The objectives of this study are to analyze representative wrist postures while using hand tools and parts at general assembly processes, to evaluate perceived discomfort on the wrist when external loads are present, and to suggest an evaluation and prediction model of perceived discomfort. Sixteen subjects participated in an experiment to appraise perceived discomfort. Three types of the wrist postures with five levels of non-neutralities were analyzed when five levels of external load were applied to each posture. The ANOVA results showed that the perceived discomfort of wrist postures was significantly affected by both the wrist posture and external load (p$<$0.001). It was also shown that some of the interactions between external loads and the wrist postures(Flexion/$Extension^*$Load, Flexion/$Extension^*$supination/pronation, ulnar/radial $deviation^*$supination/pronation) were significant(p$<$0.001). The result implies that a new posture classification scheme for workload assessment methods may be needed to reflect such effects of external load and wrist posture. A regression model of perceived discomfort was developed with respect to wrist posture and external load from the experimental data. A subsequent experiment revealed that the correlation coefficient between the predicted values of perceived discomfort from the model and the actual values obtained from the experiment was about 0.98. It is expected that the results help to properly estimate the body stress resulting from worker's postures and external loads and can be used as a valuable design guideline to analyze potential hazard of musculoskeletal diseases in industry.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) wrist taping, after the application of a rhythmic stabilization (RS) technique, on the decrease of pain and the increase of grip strength in physical therapists who complained of wrist pain and to provide basic data on interventions for wrist pain patients. Methods: The subjects were 15 peoples in their 20s who complained of pain with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at five points or higher due to overuse of their wrists. They were randomly assigned to a control group, to which PNF wrist taping was applied after stretching (n=7), or to an experimental group (n=8), to which PNF wrist taping was applied after application of the RS technique of PNF. The experiment was conducted for four weeks, five times per week. VAS was measured in order to measure pain decrease, and grip strength (GS) was measured using a dynamometer. In order to compare within-group differences before and after the intervention, a paired t-test was performed, and in order to compare differences between the two groups, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. All statistically significant levels were set at ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: There were significant differences in changes of VAS and GS within each group before and after the intervention (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: This study applied PNF wrist taping after the application of stretching or PNF RS to patients who complained of pain beyond a sense of discomfort; these interventions resulted in a decrease in pain and an increase in the grip strength of the subjects. Taping and therapeutic techniques using PNF are considered to be usefully applied as one of the programs to improve wrist pain patients' pain and grip strength.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2018

Purpose: We sought to examine whether using the rhythmic stabilization (RS) technique before proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) wrist taping affected pain and grip strength in patients with wrist pain to provide a basis for the application of PNF taping. Methods: The study consisted of 41 badminton enthusiasts (aged 20-40 years) who reported discomfort and pain due to overuse of their wrists. The subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=21). In the experimental group, PNF wrist taping was applied after application of the PNF RS technique, and PNF wrist taping was applied after stretching in the control group. The tape was applied five times a week for 3 weeks. Pain was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). Grip strength was measured using a dynamometer. The paired t-test was performed to compare grip strength and pain within the groups before and after the intervention. Covariance analysis was conducted to compare differences between the experimental group and control group. The level of significance was set as ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: Within-group changes in grip strength and VAS were significantly different in the control group and experimental group (p<0.01). Grip strength and VAS showed more improvement in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: PNF wrist taping after stretching and the PNF RS technique both significantly reduced pain and improved grip strength in club badminton players with wrist pain. These improvements were significantly greater in the experimental group in which the PNF RS technique was applied. The results suggest that PNF may be considered useful to improve grip strength and reduce wrist pain.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of wrist position on the electromyographic(EMG) activities of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum (ED) during drilling and pinch grip. Eighteen healthy subjects had been recruited and each subject performed two tasks (drilling and pinch grip) at three different wrist positions ($30^{\circ}$ flexion, neutral, $30^{\circ}$ extension). The EMG amplitude of each muscle was normalized to the amplitude in the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Repeated one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences of EMG across wrist positions. The FDS EMG activity in both drilling and pinch grip was lowest at $30^{\circ}$ wrist extension and the highest at $30^{\circ}$ wrist flexion. The ED EMG activity was lowest when the wrist was neutral in both tasks. From the results of this study, we can conclude that the desirable wrist positions for drilling and pinch grip tasks are slightly extended or neutral position. Therefore, flexed wrist position should be avoided to reduce the excessive work load on the finger muscles during the tasks.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.458-465
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between neck and/or wrist pain and hand grip strength (HGS) and to investigate factors (age, sex, neck disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome) influencing the HGS of industrial quality proofing workers (N = 145). Methods: Standardized questionnaires [Neck Disability Index (NDI), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire] were used to evaluate existing neck and/or wrist pain. HGS measurements were performed in different wrist positions. Results: Significant differences between participants with and without neck pain were found in different wrist positions, in neutral wrist position right [without neck pain (n = 48) 46.34 (43.39 - 49.30); with neck pain (n = 97) 38.46 (36.20 - 40.72), F_(1,144) = 16.82, p < 0.001, ŋ_p² = 0.11] and left [without neck pain 44.06 (41.19 - 46.94); with neck pain 37.36 (35.13 - 39.58), F_(1,144) = 12.70, p < 0.001, ŋ_p² = 0.08]. A significant difference between participants with and without wrist pain was found for neutral wrist position right [without wrist pain (n = 105) 42.53 (40.37 - 44.70); with wrist pain (n = 40) 37.24 (33.56 - 40.91), F_(1,144) = 6.41, p = 0.01, ŋ_p² = 0.04]. Regression analysis showed significant results especially for steps two (age and weight, NDI) and three (age and weight, NDI, Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire) for neutral position right (R² = 0.355, R² = 0.357, respectively). Conclusion: Neck pain has an impact on HGS but should be evaluated in consideration of age and sex.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.727-734
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the resting postures of the fingers and wrist based on the biomechanical model in term of hand posture (neutral, pronation, and supination) and gender (male and female). The finger and wrist joint angles were measured with VICON motion system. The EMG system was used to examine the muscle activity in the resting condition. The participants consisted of twenty male and twenty female students. The angles of the fingers and wrist were analyzed by means of the coordinate system associated with the International Society of Biomechanics. Hand posture was significant for all the joints. The finger and wrist joint flexed in supination more than in neutral and pronation. The hand posture and gender were not significant for the results of muscle activity, but it had larger muscle activities in supination more than in neutral and pronation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1011-1016
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• 2013

Patients have the paralysis of their wrists, and can't use of their wrists freely. But their wrists can be recovered by wrist-bending rehabilitation exercise. Professional rehabilitation therapeutists exercise the wrists of patients in hospital. But the wrists of patients have not exercised enough for the rehabilitation, because the therapeutists are much less than patients in number. Therefore, the wrist rehabilitation robot should be developed, and it have to measure the applied force to the patients' wrists for their safety. In this paper, the four-axis force/moment sensor was designed for the wrist rehabilitation robot. As a test results, the interference error of the four-axis force/moment sensor was less than 0.91%. It is thought that the sensor can be used to measure the applied force to the patients' wrists.

• 센서학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2013

Most serious stroke patients have the paralysis of their wrists, and can't use of their hands freely. But their wrists can be recovered by rehabilitation exercise. Recently, professional rehabilitation therapeutists exercise the wrists of stroke patients in hospital. But the wrists of stroke patients have not rehabilitated, because the therapeutists are much less than stroke patients in number. Therefore, the wrist bending-exercise rehabilitation robot that can measure the bending force of the patients' wrists is developed. In this paper, the three-axis force sensor was designed for the wrist bending-exercise rehabilitation robot. As a test results, the interference error of the three-axis force sensor was less than 0.85%. It is thought that the sensor can be used to measure the wrist bending force of the patient.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

Objectives : Wrist ganglion is one of the most common diseases on the wrist joint. So far acupuncture, medication, drainage and local anesthetic excision therapy have been used for this disease, but the development of more effective treatment method is being expected because of frequent recurrence and side effect. Considered that most ganglion is polycystic, on the basis of classic centro-square acupuncture, newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was applied to this report. Methods : All the patients with wrist ganglion was divided into two groups. Newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was app(ied to one group composed of 11 patients and classic centro-square acupuncture to the other group with 19 patients. Classic centro-square acupuncture is made up of slanting and straight insertion. the former is a method that tips of 4 needles are inserted from the outersurface of wrist ganglion oriented to the center of the ganglion, the latter is that tip of one needle is inserted on the center of the ganglion straightly. In the newly transformed centro-square acupuncture, straight insertion of dry needle was taken place of by syringe needle in order to drain phlegm. In this report, classic and newly transformed centro-square acupuncture were used somewhat differently from original ones. Moxibustion was applied after removing all the needles. In newly transformed centro-square acupuncture, moxibustion was also applied after drainage of phlegm and slanting insertion. Results : 1. Wrist ganglion was frequently developed around the acupoint of Tae-Yeon(Tai Yuan, LU9) and Yang-Ji(Yang Chi, TE4) and the difference between occurrence of development on the left and right hand had no significancy. 2. The mean number of treatment for recovery : The newly transformed centro-square acupuncture had fewer treatment than classic one. 3. The newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was more effective than classic one. 4. As a result of following up 6 to 72 months after wrist ganglion had been eliminated, there was no recurrence. Conclusion : In the treatment of wrist ganglion, newly transformed centro-square acupuncture can be regarded as more useful method in the clinical practice, because it has comparatiely shorter duration of treatment and is more effective.