• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2013

The cells are concentrated approximately 20-fold by cytocentrifugation. This study evaluated the nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide by using Cytospin-3 (Thermo Shandon Ltd. UK) and Cytopro-7620 (Wescor Inc., USA) cytocentrifuges to hematocytometer cell count of $0{\sim}5WBCs/{\mu}L$ of hematocytometer in the cerebrospinal fluid cell count. One hundred forty eight samples of $0{\sim}5WBCs/{\mu}L$ on hematocytometer, were cytocentrifuged by Cytospin-3 and Cytopro-7620 instruments. The nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide was counted after Wright stain. The nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide was 0~40 cells in the 44 samples of $0WBC/{\mu}L$, and 3~95 cells in the 31 samples of $1WBC/{\mu}L$. It was observed that the nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide was 13~100 cells in the 44 samples of $2WBCs/{\mu}L$, and more than 100 cells in the 29 samples of $3{\sim}5WBCs/{\mu}L$, respectively. In addition, extremely normal lymphocyte, monocyte and polymorphonuclear neutrophil were observed in the 143 samples of $0{\sim}5WBCs/{\mu}L$. Macrophage and eosinophil were also rarely observed. The nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide was 20 cells, which were regarded as $1WBC/{\mu}L$ in body fluid cell count. However, in this study, we made alterations to report nucleated cell percentage as 0% without preparing the cytocentrifuged slide at $0WBC/{\mu}L$ by using the cell yield in a comparison between the value of $0{\sim}5WBCs/{\mu}L$ and nucleated cell number for cells recovered on slide.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.109-139
• /
• 2004

The first successful sustained powered flight by Wright Brothers was further extended to the rapid development of aviation technology, that led to transpacific flights, the invention of supersonic planes, and enabled hundreds of people to travel in the space, in addition to the fact that around 10 people had stepped on the moon, all of which were made possible within the very same century. However, on the back side of this most wondrous human technology, the vulnerableness to the aviation accident has been constantly accompanied with, right from the very beginning stage of the aircraft development. Moreover, the development of future aircraft is being focused on the aircraft performance, the increment of the number of passengers aboard and also its speed. In proportion to these phenomena of mega sizing the aircraft, the development of new technology and the increment of air traffic volume, the number of aviation accident is expected to augment, resulting in the enormous loss of human lives and properties. In order to prevent the disastrous aviation accident as such, it is essential to conduct the accident investigation in a specialized, systematic and scientific manner. In search for the method to attain the effective function of the aviation accident investigation organization, in this study, issues were examined as follows: The full-time Board Members and the establishment of an integrated investigation agency, The systematized security of status as an accident investigator, Inclusion of a human factors specialist in the investigator group organization, liability limit of an accident investigator Stipulation of the definition and the investigation scope of an accident and serious incident, along with the main body of conducting the investigation into the accident involving both civil and public aircraft, in the regulations related to the accident investigation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.1154-1161
• /
• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cupric citrate (Cu-citrate) relative to cupric sulfate $(CuSO_4)$ as a Cu source for weanling and grow-finish pigs. In addition, the use of liver and bile Cu concentrations as indices of the bioavailability of Cu sources was investigated. Experiment one consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.4 kg, final BW=21.4 kg) followed by a grow-finish phase (103 d; initial BW=21.5 kg, final BW=111.7 kg). Experiment two only consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.3 kg, final BW=18.6 kg). Dietary treatments were identical for both experiments and consisted of: control (10 ppm $CuSO_4$); control+66 or 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; control+33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu-citrate. An antibiotic was included in diets for Exp. 1 but not Exp. 2. In both experiments, growth performance variables were similar for pigs receiving Cu-citrate and $CuSO_4$; however, growth performance was not improved by high concentrations of $CuSO_4$. Liver and bile Cu were increased (p<0.05) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; however, lower dietary concentrations of Cu from either $CuSO_4$ or Cu-citrate did not affect the Cu concentration of liver or bile relative to that observed in the control pigs. Irrespective of Cu source, there was no linear (p>0.10) increase in plasma Cu with increasing Cu concentrations in the diet for both experiments. However, the plasma Cu concentrations were highest (p<0.10) in pigs receiving diets supplemented with 225 ppm $CuSO_4$. Sixteen randomly chosen pigs per treatment in Exp. 1 were continued through the grow-finish phase. Body weight gain and feed intake were improved (p<0.10) by 66 ppm $CuSO_4$, but other dietary Cu treatments did not alter pig performance compared to the control diet. Plasma Cu concentrations were increased (p<0.10) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ in the growing phase and by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ and 100 ppm Cu-citrate in the finishing phase. These data reveal no consistent effect of $CuSO_4$ on performance; therefore, it is difficult to assess the efficacy of these two Cu sources. In addition, these studies demonstrate that liver and bile Cu are not good indicators of Cu bioavailability in pigs fed adequate to pharmacological concentrations of Cu.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.323-333
• /
• 2013

This study investigated the geographic and pairwise distances of nine Chinese local Cashmere goat populations through the analysis of 20 microsatellite DNA markers. Fluorescence PCR was used to identify the markers, which were selected based on their significance as identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). In total, 206 alleles were detected; the average allele number was 10.30; the polymorphism information content of loci ranged from 0.5213 to 0.7582; the number of effective alleles ranged from 4.0484 to 4.6178; the observed heterozygosity was from 0.5023 to 0.5602 for the practical sample; the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.5783 to 0.6464; and Allelic richness ranged from 4.7551 to 8.0693. These results indicated that Chinese Cashmere goat populations exhibited rich genetic diversity. Further, the Wright's F-statistics of subpopulation within total (FST) was 0.1184; the genetic differentiation coefficient (GST) was 0.0940; and the average gene flow (Nm) was 2.0415. All pairwise FST values among the populations were highly significant (p<0.01 or p<0.001), suggesting that the populations studied should all be considered to be separate breeds. Finally, the clustering analysis divided the Chinese Cashmere goat populations into at least four clusters, with the Hexi and Yashan goat populations alone in one cluster. These results have provided useful, practical, and important information for the future of Chinese Cashmere goat breeding.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.144-152
• /
• 2004

With technological advances in automatic hematology analyzers, primary and screening differential counts of white blood cells (WBC) are done with automatic hematology analyzers. They are using different measurement and analysis principles, so differences in WBC differentials and WBC morphology flag exist. This study was carried out to analyze WBC differential counts and WBC morphology flags comparing them with the manual method. Patient EDTA samples in Vacutainer requested for WBC differentials were analyzed with XE-2100. And those samples with suspect flags messages index over 100 were selected and were analyzed with ADVIA-120. Peripheral blood smear film was subsequently made. Three investigators counted 200 cells each (600 cells) in 111 Wright-Giemsa stained blood films. Between two automatic hematology analyzers, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte showed good correlations, but basophil had moderate correlation. Among automatic hematology analyzers and manual count, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil had good correlations, but monocyte had moderate correlation. XE-2100 had higher monocyte, which was due to atypical lymphocyte and myeloblast. LUC in ADVIA-120 was not due to monocyte in XE-2100. Morphology flagging rates were 146.9% in XE-2100 and was 93.2% in ADVIA-120. Positive predictive values of morphology flag were 58.2% in XE-2100 and 54.4% in ADVIA-120. Flags such as atypical lymphocyte, immature granulocyte, and left shift had higher predictive values and those such as N-RBC, platelets clump, and blast had lower ones. Between automatic hematology analyzers, WBC differentials showed good correlations. Predictive values for morphology flags can be variable with changing criteria. Reviewing criteria for WBC differentials and morphology flags should be established in each laboratory with regards to size of laboratory and patients it serves.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.100-108
• /
• 1986

Eik-Nes (1966) reported that the mechanism of spermatogenesis is controlled by FSH and LH and maintaned normally in scrotum terperautre which is 3-5$^{\circ}C$ lower than body termperature. But Ojeda and Ramirez (1972) have described that the abdominal testis was shrinked severely and lost its normal function in congenital cryptorchidism or surgically induced cryptorchidism. Ramirez and Sawyer (1974) reported that the compensatory hypertorphy occured in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and the scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism. Cunninham et al. (1978) reported that the serum FSH levle increased after unilateral castration. Frankel and Wright (1982) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged greatly after unilateral castration. Gomes and Jain (1976) reported that the serum testosterone level increased temporarily but not varied after unilateral castration. On the other hand, Kormano et al. (1964) reported that the serum FSH level in unilateral cryptorchidism rat was unchanged in contrast with the control and Risbirdger et al. (1981) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged till 2 weeks after operation and after then increased to 77%. Kim (1984) reported that the serum testosterone level was somewhat lower than that fo control group but there was't significant different. There were many different reports on hormone levels among different investigators when the immarue rats were castrated unilaterally or induced cryptorchidism unilaterally. Liang and Liang (1970) and Cunningham et al. (1978) described that there were no true compenastory hypertrophy in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral testis of unilateral cryptorchidism in rat but they grew faster than that of control. Kormano et al.(1964), Damber et al.(1976), Cunningham et al.(1978) and Karpe et al.(1981) reported that the testis weight, germinal epithelia height and seminiferous tubules diameter developed continuously and similarily in the control, the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism increased, however, in the abdominal testis of the unilateral cryptorchidism, they were much smaller than those of other groups. In observation of the histological changes in the seminiferous epithelium of control, remaining tesis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism differentiated and developed fully(Cunningham et al., 1978). However, the abdominal testis of unilateral crytorchidism degenerated severely and only the germ cells in early stage and Sertoli cells were found in the seminiferous tubules. (Damber et al., 1976, Gomes and Jain, 1976 and Karpe et al., 1981). By electron microscopic observation, Nagano (1963) and Leason and Leeson (1970) found that the abdominal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism was thicked in boundary tissue, increased lipid droplet in the Sertoli cell, disarranged axial filament complex and increased lipid inclusions in the Sertoli cell.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.144-148
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to test actual oxygen consumption rates of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at a commercial scale high density culture tank in the recirculating culture system, with a special emphasis on the oxygen consumption rate of this species with different daily feeding frequencies. Nile tilapia, an average of 400 g and a total wright of 390 kg, were stocked in a circular concrete tank of 2.9 m in diameter and 0.8 m in depth, in a recirculating culture system. The fish were fed commercial diet 1, 2, 5, and 9 times per day between 09:00 h and 19:00 h. feed was evenly supplied where the fish were fed more than once a day. Dissolved oxygen of influent and effluent water was monitored every 50 seconds by a computer with electrodes for 24 hours. The standard metabolic rate of tilapia was $39.31{\pm}4.4mg\;O_2/kg$ fish/hr in the present study. The maximum oxygen consumption was reached between 30 to 50 minutes after feeding. The maximum oxygen consumption levels of 1, 2, 5, and 9 feeding times per day were 161.2, 123.4, 111.1 and 111.1 mg $O_2/kg$ fish/hr, respectively. While the mean oxygen consumption levels of 1, 2, 5, and 9 feeding times per day were $79.9{\pm}21.5,\;81.3{\pm}14.8,\;84.2{\pm}9,9$ and $98,9{\pm}11.0mg\;O_2/kg$ fish/hr, respectively. These results show that oxygen consumption rates are not much different between the feeding frequencies. These results could be used to design to provide desirable oxygen supply system in the recirculating high-density tilapia culture system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.140-148
• /
• 2004

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren (3rd and 6th grades) living in Beijing, China. Each child was provided with a mini-Wright peak flow meter and a preformatted health symptom diary for 40 days, and was trained on their proper use. Participants were instructed to perform the peak flow test three times in standing position, three times a day (9 am, 12 pm, and 8 pm), and to record all the readings along with the symptoms (cold, cough, and asthmatic symptoms) experienced on that day. Daily measurement of fine particles (PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$) was obtained in the comer of the playground of the participating elementary school for the same period of this longitudinal study. The relationship between daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average temperature and relative humidity as extraneous variables. The total number of students participating in this longitudinal study was 87. The range of daily measured PEFR was 253-501$\ell$/min. In general, the PEFR measured in the morning was lower than the PEFR measured in the evening (or afternoon) on the same day. The daily mean concentrations of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ over the study period were 180.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 103.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The IQR (inter-quartile range) of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ were 91.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 58.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. During the study period, the national ambient air quality standard of 150$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ (for PM$_{10}$) was exceeded in 23 days (57.5%). The analysis showed that an increase of 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ of PM$_{10}$ corresponded to 0.59$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ increment of PM$_{2.5}$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average PM$_{10}$ (or PM$_{2.5}$) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including gender, height, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. The IQR increments of PM$_{10}$ or PM$_{2.5}$ (at 1-day time lag) were also shown to be related with 1.54 $\ell$/min (95% Confidence intervals: 0.94-2.14) and 1.56$\ell$/min (95% CI: 0.95-2.16) decline in PEFR.R.ine in PEFR.ine in PEFR.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.72 no.1
• /
• pp.24-29
• /
• 2012

Background: Measurement of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in a follow-up examination for a chronic airway disease is useful because it has the advantages of being a simple measurement and can be repeated during examination. The aim of this study was to examine the annual decrease of PEFR in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to confirm the factors which influence this decrease. Methods: From May, 2003 to September, 2010, the annual decrease of PEFR was obtained from asthma and COPD patients attending an outpatient pulmonary clinic. PEFR was measured using a Mini-Wright peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International Ltd. UK), and we conducted an analysis of factors that influence the change of PEFR and its average values. Results: The results showed an annual decrease of $1.70{\pm}12.86$ L/min the asthmatic patients and an annual decrease of $10.3{\pm}7.32$ L/min in the COPD patients. Age and $FEV_1$ were the predictive factors influencing change in asthma, and $FEV_1$ and smoking were the predictive factors influencing change in COPD. Conclusion: We confirmed the annual decreasing PEFR in patients with chronic airway disease and identified factors that work in conjunction with $FEV_1$ to influence the change.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.665-669
• /
• 2015

The Kepler mission has shown that small planets are extremely common. It is likely that nearly every star in the sky hosts at least one rocky planet. We just need to look hard enough-but this requires vast amounts of telescope time. MINERVA (MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array) is a dedicated exoplanet observatory with the primary goal of discovering rocky, Earth-like planets orbiting in the habitable zone of bright, nearby stars. The MINERVA team is a collaboration among UNSW Australia, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Penn State University, University of Montana, and the California Institute of Technology. The four-telescope MINERVA array will be sited at the F.L. Whipple Observatory on Mt Hopkins in Arizona, USA. Full science operations will begin in mid-2015 with all four telescopes and a stabilised spectrograph capable of high-precision Doppler velocity measurements. We will observe ~100 of the nearest, brightest, Sun-like stars every night for at least five years. Detailed simulations of the target list and survey strategy lead us to expect $15{\pm}4$ new low-mass planets.