• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

Mast cells and goblet cells have been known to protect the host against parasites. In this study, we examined the response of the mast cells and goblet cells over a period of 6 weeks in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice infected with Echinostoma hortense (E. hortense). In addition, we investigated whether the worm recovery rate of uninfected mice (the control group) or E. hortense-infected mice (the experimental group) was associated with the number of mast cells and goblet cells. The worm recovery rate was higher in the C3H/HeN mice than in the C57BL/6 mice. The number of goblet cells significantly increased in the experimental group of the C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group of both strains (P<0.005). Worm recovery peaked 3 weeks after the infection of the C57BL/6 mice and at 2 weeks after the infection of the C3H/HeN mice, and it was higher in the duodenum than in the jejunum and ileum. However, the infected site in the intestine had no relation with worm expulsion. In the C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice, the number of goblet cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.005). The number reached a peak 2 weeks after the infection and it even increased in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The increased number of goblet cells was retained 6 weeks after infection. The number of goblet cells was higher in the C3H/HeN mice than in the C57BL/6 mice (P<0.01). These results indicate that goblet cells are related with the worm expulsion. Furthermore, immunohistostaining of the antral intestinal walls for lectin showed the significant increase of the number of goblet cells in the experimental group (P<0.001). The high infection rate in the duodenum was found during the early infection. An increased infection rate in the jejunum and ileum was found 3 weeks after infection and the infection rate was higher in the C3H/HeN mice than in the C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, the present study indicates that goblet cells, rather than mast cells, may play critical roles in parasite expulsion.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.527-538
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the activity of antibodies in the tissues of Paragonimus westermani at the different developmental stages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Immunelectron microscopy (IEM) were applied, using the dog sera infected with metacercariae isolated from Cambaroides similis. These dog sera were obtained from 3rd to 96th week after infection by bleeding. The supernatants of homogenated worms for worm antigen were used. The worm tissues were embedded in Lowicryl HM 20 medium, treated with infected serum and protein A gold complex (particle size; 12 nm) and observed by electron microscope. In the pattern of antibody levels by ELISA test in all developemental worm antigens, the activity of antibody was very weak in the 3rd week, but strong in the worm antibody from 4th to 20th week after infection. Its activity was maintained even till 96th week. The antibody level of the L2th week worm antigen was higher than those of the 20th and 48th week worm antigens. Generally, many gold particles were observed on the secretory granules and the epithelial lamellae. Thus, it was concluded that the antigenic materials in the developmental worm tissues were especially concentrated on the secretory granules in the parenchymal tissues and the epithelial lamellae in the lumen of the caecum.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.517-521
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• 2008

웜은 사람의 개입 없이 취약점이 존재하는 네트워크 서비스에 대한 공격을 시행하고 사용자가 원치 않는 패킷을 복사 및 전파하는 악성코드이다. 기존의 웜 탐지 기법은 주로 시그너쳐 기반의 방식이 주를 이루었으나 조기탐지의 한계로 인해 최근에는 웜 전파의 행동 특성을 감지하는 방식이 각광 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 웜 행동 주기와 감염 체인으로 대표되는 웜의 행위적 특성을 탐지하고 대응할 수 있는 분산 웜 탐지 및 방지 방법을 제안하고, 제안된 탐지 및 방지 모델 적용 시 웜의 감염 속도가 감소되는 현상을 시뮬레이션을 통해 증명한다. 제안하는 웜 탐지모델은 규모가 큰 시그너쳐 데이타베이스가 필요하지 않을 뿐더러 컴퓨팅 파워가 비교적 적게 소요되므로, 개인용 컴퓨터 뿐 아니라 유비쿼터스와 모바일 환경과 같이 개별 기기가 낮은 컴퓨팅 파워를 가지는 상황에도 적합하다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2013

In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.435-438
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• 1997

Twelve newborn goat kids born of philippine does (3.5 and 5 years old) were used in this study. Four mother (candidate) doe goats were randomly allocated to each group. The mother does were infected orally with three levels (0, 15,000 and 30,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. Estrus of does were synchronized using PGF2 alpha. All the animals were bred naturally by the same buck. Baby goat born of infected mother goats were divided into three groups. $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$), respectively, from mother treatment groups. Birth weight and growth of goat kids born from H. contortus infected mother goats were determined. Birth weights of kids of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 1.9, 1.5 and 1.2 kg, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in birth weight of kids for the 3 treatment groups were found. However, significant (p < 0.05) effects of stomach worm infection and duration of infection on liveweight gain of kids were observed. After second and third week of birth, respectively, the kids of groups 3 and 2 registered lover liveweight gains than the kids in control group. However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference in liveweight gain was found between the kids of infected mother does. Fecal egg counts of the infected mother does showed patent infections which also indicated by postmortem worm counts. However, no worm egg was found in the feces of the test kids.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2004

Susceptibilities of 5 different mice strains, including C3H/HeN, BALB/c, C57BL6, FvB and ICR, to Echinostoma hortense infection, was evaluated. The worm expulsion rate, worm size and egg production were observed from 1 to 8 weeks after infection with 30 metacercariae. C3H/HeN and ICR mice showed the highest worm maturation rates. The worm recovery rate and the number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was also higher in C3H/HeN and ICR mice than in BALB/c, C57BL6, and FvB mice. It is suggested that E. hortense is highly infectious to ICR and C3H/HeN mice, but not to the other strains of mice. Based on the results obtained, we believe that the susceptibility of different mouse strains to E. hortense infection is dependent on the genetic and immunologic back-ground of mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1995

서울주걱흡충(Neodiplostomum seoulensis)재감염시 숙주에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 충체 회수율 소장의 조직병리 및 미소응모막효소 활성도를 관찰하였다. 자연감염된 뱀에서 피낭유충을 얻어 500개씩 흰쥐에 감염시키고 20일 후에 프라지콴텔로 치료하였다. 치료후 3주째에 피낭유충 500개씩 경구투여하여 재감염 시킨다음 3일. 1주. 2주 후에 도살하여 일차감염군과 비교하였다. 충체회수율은 일차감염시 각각 32.8%. 59.2%, 41.5%에서 재감염시 25.9%, 35.7%. 7.6%로 감소되었는데 특히 2주후에 급격히 감소되었다. 십이지장의 조직병리 소견은 일차감염시 1주 후부 터 융모의 응합 단축등의 퇴행성 변화와. 선와의 증식. 기질층의 염증세포 침윤 등이 나타나 2주까지 지속되었으나 재감염시는 3일 후부터 병변이 나타나다가 1주째부터 회복되었다. 미소응모막효소 활성도 측정결과 십이지장에서 일차감염시 alkaline phosphatase와 자당분해효소의 활성도가 대조군의 절반수준으로 감소하였으나 재감염시에는 대조군 수준과 동일하거나 오히려 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 이 흡충의 재감염시 충체의 배출이 빨라짐과 동시에 형태학적으로 회복이 빨리 이루어지며 기능적으로도 소장의 미소응모막효소 활성도의 회복이 빠르게 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

Mast cells and goblet cells have the ability to protect against parasites by increasing mucus production that traps and excludes worms and prevents their intimate contact with the gut mucosa in the host. In this study, we investigated the function of mast cells and goblet cells for the rejection of Echinostoma hortense (E. hortense). In addition, we used both C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice in order to examine whether mast cells and goblet cells function differentially according to the strains of mice. After an oral infection with 30 E. hortense metacercariae, the number of mucosal mast cells and goblet cells, as well as worm recovery rate, were observed in experimentally infected mice between 1 week and 8 weeks post-infection (PI). Worm recovery rates in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were 65.7％ and 23％, respectively, in week 1 P.I., indicating that worm expulsion in C3H/HeN mice was higher than in BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrate that the period (week 3 P.I.) in which worm recovery falls rapidly is the same period that the number of goblet cells and mast cells reaches a peak. These results indicate that worm recovery significantly correlates with the growth rate of goblet cells and mast cells (P=0.0482). However, worm expulsion is not associated with goblet cells or mast cells in BALB/c mice.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2016

Dracunculiasis, otherwise known as guinea worm disease (GWD), is caused by infection with the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. This nematode is transmitted to humans exclusively via contaminated drinking water. The transmitting vectors are Cyclops copepods (water fleas), which are tiny free-swimming crustaceans usually found abundantly in freshwater ponds. Humans can acquire GWD by drinking water that contains vectors infected with guinea worm larvae. This disease is prevalent in some of the most deprived areas of the world, and no vaccine or medicine is currently available. International efforts to eradicate dracunculiasis began in the early 1980s. Most dentists and maxillofacial surgeons have neglected this kind of parasite infection. However, when performing charitable work in developing countries near the tropic lines or other regions where GWD is endemic, it is important to consider GWD in cases of swelling or tumors of unknown origin. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical criteria, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prevention of dracunculiasis. It also summarizes important factors for maxillofacial surgeons to consider.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.677-680
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• 2014

Infection cases of diphyllobothriid tapeworms are not much in the below teen-age group. We report a case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in a 13-year-old boy. He presented with severe fatigue, occasional abdominal pain at night time. He also had several episodes of tapeworm segment discharge in his stools. By his past history, he had frequently eaten raw fish including salmon and trout with his families. Numerous eggs of diphyllobothriid tapeworm were detected in the fecal examination. We introduced amidotrizoic acid as a cathartic agent through nasogastroduodenal tube and let nearly whole length (4.75 m) of D. nihonkaiense be excreted through his anus. After a single dose of praziquantel, the child's stool showed no further eggs, and his symptoms disappeared. The evacuated worm was identified as D. nihonkaiense by mitochondrial cox1 gene analysis. Here we report a successful extracorporeal worm extraction from an infection case of D. nihonkaiense by the injection of amidotrizoic acid.