• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.103-133
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to make a critique of racial aspects of Caribbean literature more ethical through a constant concern with history and political philosophy. The first step I take for this purpose is a comparative reading of C. L. R. James's view of Toussaint L'Ouverture's position and Frantz Fanon's view of race and class in the historical context of the Caribbean power-relations. In so doing, I examine how Toussaint's and Fanon's wills to negotiation were thwarted in the New World history. To elaborate upon this ethico-political approach, I have recourse to the so-called later Derrida, focusing on his books, such as The Politics of Friendship, Of Hospitality, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness, etc. Taking an up-close look at Derrida's thought, I argue that his political contemplation of ethics is as effective as his deconstruction of "otherness" in dealing with the nature of ethnic clashes in both the real world and minority literature. In the second half of my paper, I reexamine the issues of race, gender, and class in the three novels of Jamaica Kincaid - Annie John, Lucy, and The Autobiography of My Mother. It is conceivable that from the feminist perspective Kincaid's fiction has been read as a postcolonial Bildungsroman. In my supplementary attempts to this criticism, I reveal that the teenage narrator's precocious awareness is still under the colonial influence in the Annie John section. My analysis of Lucy contends that the reasons why the white woman fails to make friends with the young black woman should be sought in the long history of the U.S. racial politics. In the section of The Autobiography of My Mother, I discuss how difficult it is for a minority woman to liberate from the spell of history insofar as she is engaged in the issue of identity. In closing, I pose a need of consolation that literature may grant us by becoming able to produce a different interpretation on all the bleaker reality.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.33
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• pp.287-307
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• 2013

One cat caused a big wave in Russian literature. This cat revived the heroine of Russian classics. Her light breath was scattered in the world, in the cloudy sky and in the cold spring wind about one hundred years ago. And the cat gave an opportunity of turning to Russian classics to Russian readers. Thanks to this cat, a Russian dreamer changed his typical thinking, as well as many ordinary readers start to read works of creator of this wonderful cat. Pelevin accomplished these works with one cat, which he has made. Of course "Nika" is not only caused to make readers to return to Russian classics. I think, the cat and "Nika" are the symbols of writer's purpose in Russian literature. In this study the understanding of "Nika" is following the steps of realization of writer's purpose. In the second chapter it is analyzed to the textual relationship between "Nika" and "Light breath". Apart from existing analyses to be emphasized the succession of thematic aspect of two works as well. Existence of observers to each heroine stress this succession of thematic aspect of two works. In the third chapter it is analyzed the use of technique of mystification in "Nika". This intentional use of mystification has been demanded to read a "Nika" from another point of view(internal speculation of hero-narrator). The purpose of writer was to expose the cognitive error of a human being. I think this purpose was effectively explained by Pelevin's Buddhist world view which was introduced in his several works.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.193-210
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• 2007

This essay is an attempt to give a theoretical articulation of novelistic mimesis as the narrative form of modernity. With the passage to modernity, what assumes the locus of the symbolic authority is no longer God, Father, or tradition, but the cultural gaze or the ego-ideal. At the same time, this gaze paradoxically coalesces with the "spectacle of the world," on the side of the reified "other": the gaze is both the desexualized ego-ideal and its instantaneous transmogrification and resexualization in the opaque world of objects. The imaginary ego or the eye on the side of the subject of representation is held at abeyance in a state of perpetual fascination and desperation in relation to the gaze as the world of "others," which lies always at one remove from the purview of the imaginary ego. This understanding of the inadequation of the ego to the cultural gaze of the reified world provides a critical fulcrum upon which I base my theory of the modern narrative mimesis as the "perverse" field of spatial arrangement, in which the split of the subjectivity into the imaginary ego and the ego-ideal is suspended over the phantasmatic world of bodies and territories.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.939-958
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• 2011

Ezra Pound has an idea of poetry as a field of energy in which words interact with each other with kinetic energy. The energy field which Pound creates in his poem is analogous to the theory of electromagnetism developed by Michael Faraday and James Maxwell, who look upon the space around magnets, electric charges and currents not as empty but as filled with energy and activity. Pound argues that "words are charged with force like electricity," demonstrating that words charged with their own images or energies of positive or negative valence interact one another. This idea is similar to Faraday's concept of "line of force" which he used to represent the disposition of electric and magnetic forces in space. Pound's concept of "image" as an "intellectual and emotional complex in an instant" is remarkably consonant with the confluence of electric and magnetic fields that are coupled to each other as they travel through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. The instant profusion of conception and perception, much like that of electric and magnetic fields, enables Pound to move beyond the sequential and linear hierarchy in time and space. Particularly, Maxwell's stunning discovery that the electromagnetic waves propagate in space at 'the speed of light' has allowed Pound a relativistic sense of escape from the limitations of Newtonian absolute time and space. Pound's poetry transcends any geographical space and sequential time by rendering and juxtaposing images simultaneously. Pound was fully aware of light and electricity fundamental to what he called his world "the electric world." Pound's experiments in Imagism and Vorticism can be considered an attempt to rediscover a place for poetry in the modern world of science and technology. Almost all the appliances that we think of today as modern were laid down in the closing decades of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, in response to the availability of electromagnetic energy. This paper explores how Pound responded to the age of modern technology and science, examining his conception of "image" through his many analogies and similes drawn from electromagnetism. Pound's imagist poetics and poetry come to embody, not only the characteristics of the electric age in the early twentieth century, but the principles of electromagnetism the electric age is based upon.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.37
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• pp.81-107
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• 2014

Freud's' discovery of the unconscious' is a great revolution. Because of this, human beings were able to get the opportunity to look into their inner than honest. Lu Xun and Guo Mo Ruo a pair of realism and romanticism literature representative of Chinese modern literature writers. They then absorb the psychoanalytic theory o Freud along with other Western zeitgeist, introduce them widely inliterary theory and creative practice, which was again. Lu Xun was reflected in the human world of the unconscious Freud uncovered on the basis of strict realism literary spirit, Guo Mo Ruo is in accordance with the romantic literary time for the purpose of 'art for art' depicting a man's inner psychological well did. Although Freud spirit they claim to social and literary artistry of literature based on different yarns in the Acceptance of analytical theory, has the characteristics of a common sentiment analysis method to express and describe the unconscious human potential. 5.4 When Lu Xun and Guo Mo Ruo China Journalism writers, including Freud's psychoanalytic theory has embraced the Enlightenment and the old feudal society was a major contribution to want to read exactly what the human inner hearing. Chinese modern literature writers have to accept sometimes positive, sometimes accepting the psychoanalytic theory was intellectually sharp criticism, which could be a great instrument in time to the 5.4 Enlightenment and psychological fiction novel further development.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2024

Purpose: This paper provides both quantitative and qualitative literature review on employee engagement in State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) as portrayed in literature and offers more insight into the concept on how it can be optimised. Research design, data and methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. A review and analysis of both theoretical and empirical research and articles which are relevant to employee engagement in SOEs was conducted. Only secondary information gathered through those articles and research was used to analyse and build literature review on employee engagement in SOEs. Results: A literature review of both qualitative and quantitative research on employee engagement in organisations generally and in SOEs particularly was done, and it indicated the positive relationship between employee engagement and organisational performance. From the study, it is evident that employee engagement is not optimal around the world, therefore it is an area which needs more attention. Hence, this study proffered strategies for enhancing employee engagement in SOEs. Conclusions: This study proffers strategies for optimising employee engagement in SOEs. These are brand image, work environment, management and leadership characteristics, training and development opportunities, performance management, work life balance, effective communication and Kahn's three factors of meaningfulness, safety and availability. These strategies are essential in optimising employee engagement as portrayed in the reviewed literature.

• IE interfaces
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.496-502
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• 2000

Supply Chain Management is drawing attention of business management all over the world. A number of SCM cases from world-class enterprises have been reported. However, not many detailed SCM cases from Korean enterprises have been reported in the literature. In this paper, we present SCM cases of Korea to illustrate what specific activities are conducted and how, mostly from practical viewpoint instead of academic viewpoint; and relate the cases with the SCM framework, so as to provide better view and insights for implementing effective SCM.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.107-127
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• 2011

Don DeLillo has shown considerable interest in terror, frequently depicting extreme dread of something terrible to happen, in his literary texts. Since more than three thousand innocent people in New York were killed by the 9-11 terrorist attack in 2001, the anticipation about what kind of fiction he would write as a New Yorker was high. DeLillo's novel Falling Man (2007) in fragmentary detail represents the scene of the terrorism from the perspective of Keith Neudecker, a lawyer who escapes the collapsing world trader center. Neudecker's post-traumatic stress disorder in the first chapter is followed by the free-associative portrayal of various impacts of the 9-11 terror on Neudecker's wife Lienne in the second chapter. The random mixture of the first person narratives from such diverse view-point characters as Neudecker's son Justin, relatives and friends, with dialogues and recollections yields a very close picture of the consequences of terrorism. Reading DeLillo's Falling Man in juxtaposition with a Japanese Canadian novel Obasan by Joy Kogawa, reminiscences of the maltreatment of Japanese Canadians during and after the second world war, surfaces the authorial intention of the two novels. They as trauma literature emerge to aim at curing the readers and proposing post-traumatic ethics. Laurie Vickroy's theory of trauma narrative and cure, E. Ann Kaplan's theory of trauma witness narrative and responsibility, and Emmanuel Levinas's theory of trauma memory and ethics offer theoretical grounds for the convincing analysis of the two texts.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.83-105
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• 2009

Modern poetry begins as criticism of modernity and, by so doing, rejects its idea of time. Modernity emphasizes sequential, linear, and irreversible time and progress. Williams rejects the modern view of time, and attempts to substitute literature for history assuming that literature can take us into the immediacy of time. His poetry asserts the true moment of experience as an immediacy, of words co-existent with things. He suggests that modernity and its idea of time already led to World War I and could clearly lead to an actual, manmade apocalypse with continued technological progress. Already in the 1920s, Williams sensed that he was living in a world where such an end could come all true, which is why Spring and All, his greatest early achievement, begins with a parody of the modern apocalypse. Throughout the work, Williams criticizes "crude symbolism" and expresses his longing to annihilate "strained associations," for he believes that the metaphoric or symbolic association is related to order, the center, and the traditional concept of time itself. The metonymic model of Spring and All substitutes a self-reflexive, open-ended, and indeterminate structure of time for the linear and closed one. Instead of supplying an end, Williams only asserts the rebirth of time and attempts to arrive at immediacy while attacking the mediacy of traditional art. His characteristic use of fragmentation and abrupt juxtapositions disrupts the reader's generic, conceptual, syntactic, and grammatical expectations. His radical poetic experiments, such as the isolation of words and the disruption of syntax, produce a sense of immediacy and force the reader to confront the presence of the poem. His destruction of traditional forms, of the tyrannous designs of history and time, opens up rather than closes the possibility of signification, and takes us into a moment of beginning while disallowing temporal distancing. Spring and All, as a criticism of the modern idea of time, asks us to view Williams's work not as an ahistorical text but as a cultural subversion of modernity.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.117-142
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• 2012

The education of children is one of the most important parts in children's literature. Children's literature, whose implied readers are both children and parents, is a good means to teach how they should behave and interact. Therefore, literary conventions of children's literature tend to be conservative with happy endings or fairy tale elements. Most of the children's literature of the 18th century were read as a conduct book which teaches children good manners and proper behavior, and at the same time served as a guidebook which tells parents how to discipline children. It emphasized the need of discipline to ascertain the hierarchy and order of the family, and cherished the close relationship between parents and children. In the 19th century, the ideal of family becomes more internalized. In the early 20th century, the ideology of family still remained, even though the world wars and economic depressions caused the cracks and collapses of the family. In the later 20th century, the disintegration of the traditional family was accelerated. The ideal of family based on the close relationship between parents and children, has had problems from the start. The attachment and over-closeness became stressful and sometimes could be poisonous. Recent children's literature shows the process of disintegration of the traditional nuclear family, children suffering in the fractured family, children's mental trauma, and nostalgia for the lost family. However, modern children's literature manages to find the lost or ideal surrogate family, and often shows fairy-tale elements such as mystical and heroic child protagonists or helpers who might solve all the difficult problems at once, despite the collapse of the family in reality.