• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1520-1520
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• 2001

Food adulteration is a serious consumer fraud and a potentially dangerous practice. Regulatory authorities and food processors require a rapid, non-destructive test to accurately confirm authenticity in a range of food products and raw materials. Olive oil is prime target for adulteration either on the basis of the processing treatments used for its extraction (extra virgin vs virgin vs ordinary oil) or its geographical origin (e.g. Greek vs Italian vs Spanish). As part of an investigation into this problem, some preliminary work focused on the ability of near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between virgin olive oils from separate regions of the Mediterranean i. e. Crete and the Peloponese. A total of 46 oils were collected: 18 originated in Crete and 28 in the Peloponese. Oils were stored in a temperature-controlled room at 2$0^{\circ}C$ prior to spectral collection at room temperature (15-18$^{\circ}C$). Samples (approximately 0.5$m\ell$) were placed in the centre of the quartz window in a camlock reflectance cell; the gold-plated baking plate was then gently placed into the cell against the glass so as to minimize the formation of air bubbles. The rear of the camlock cell was then screwed into place producing a sample thickness of 0.5mm. Spectra were recorded between 400 and 2498nm at 2nm intervals on a NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator. Spectral collection took place over 2-3 days. Data were analysed using both WINISI and The Unscrambler software to investigate the possibility of discriminating between the oils from Crete and the Peloponese. A number of data pre-treatments were used and discriminant models were developed using discriminant PLS (WINISI & Unscrambler) and SIMCA (Unscrambler). Despite the small number of samples involved, a satisfactory discrimination between these two oil types was achieved. Graphical examination of principal component scores for each oil type also holds out the possibility of separating oils from either Crete and the Peloponese on the basis of districts within each region. These preliminary data suggest the potential of near infrared spectroscopy to act as a screening technique for the confirmation of geographic origin of extra virgin olive oils. The sample presentation strategy adopted uses only small volumes of material and produces high quality spectra.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1978

Younghung-myun is located on a small island under the jurisdiction of Gyunggi province. The island occupying a total of approximately 40sq km is populated by 5,850 people. Two areas within the island were selected for this survey; 1) Nae 4-ri in Younghung-myun (mainly engaged in farming) 2) Nae 5-ri in Younghung-myun (mainly engaged in fishery) The survey was conducted for the period of 5-12 august 1978. Intake of foods and nutrients of all members in the households surveyed by means of questionnaire was computed based on number of meals a day. On the other hand, daily intake of nutrients by an individual was calculated by sex, age and type of work based on the conversion rate of RDA (Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances for Adult). The results obtained are summarized; 1. Status of food intake Average daily food intake of an individual in the surveyed areas was 1,018gm. Out of 1,018gm above, 490gm which represent 48% of the total intake were from cereals, grains or other vegetative products. Ratio of animal-origin foods was determined as only 16% of the total intake. These findings led us to the conclusion that people in the surveyed areas live heavily on vegetative foods. 2. Status of nutrients intake 1) Overall average intake of calorie by an individual in the surveyed areas was 2026.3Kcal per day. On the other hand, average calorie intake by adult persons was 2,491.3 Kcal per day, which is lower than 2,700 Kcal recommended by RDA by approximately 7.7%. Furthermore, it was observed that most of 2,491.3 Kcal obtained by adult persons was from such vegetative foods as cereals, grains, ect. 2) Overall average intake of protein by an individual in the areas surveyed was 52.2gm per dar. On the other hand, average protein intake among adult persons was 67.7gm a day, which indicates lower intake of protein than 80gm of RDA. It was also found that 84.3% of the protein intake by an adult person was of plant origin. 3) Overall average of fat intake by an individual in the areas surveyed was 18.9gm per day, whereas average fat intake among adult persons was 23. 2gm a day. It was brought to our attention that the average fat intake by adult persons is much lower than 36gm recom mended by RDA. 4) Average calcium intake among adult persons in the areas surveyed was 457.1mg per day, that is somewhat lower than 500mg in RDA. However, average iron intake among adult persons in the areas was slightly higher with 10.5mg a day than 10mg of RDA. 5) With exception with vitamin C, intake of all other vitamin groups, such as vit. A, vit. $B_1$, vit. $B_2$ and niacin, were lower among the inhabitants than recommended by RDA. 3. Economic status Average schooling years of food handlers was 6.5 years with average monthly income of \89,000 in the areas surveyed. Petroleum was used by majority of the households for fuel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1473-1482
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• 2011

Adult male musk deer (Moschus spp.) secrete musk, a widely used ingredient in traditional Asian medicine and the international perfume industry. Musk deer are endangered due to historic over-utilization of musk and habitat loss. Musk deer farming, provides an important way of conserving musk deer and ensuring a sustainable musk supply. For over 50 years musk deer farming has been conducted in China with the endangered Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) the predominant farmed musk deer species. To date, few studies have examined the musk production of captive musk deer. This study analyzed musk-extraction data collected from 1997 to 2009 at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu, China. The musk-extraction ratio (MER) of captive male musk deer was 90.30% (n = 732), while the annual average musk extraction (AME) per animal was $7.90{\pm}0.17\;g$ with the range from 0.00 g to 34.20 g (n = 732). The origin of the deer had an influence on AME and MER production, with male wild-captured (WC) individuals recording higher values (AME, $8.76{\pm}0.27\;g$, n = 272; MER, 93.75%, n = 272) than those of captive breeding (CB) males (AME: $7.39{\pm}0.22\;g$, n = 460; MER: 88.26%, n = 460). The origin of an individual's parents, however, did not influence AME and MER. Age also influenced musk production with the MER of 1.5-year-old males being 87.5% with an average musk production of $8.27{\pm}0.47\;g$ (n = 96). The peak period for musk production was from 1.5 to 8.5 years of age. The results of our study demonstrate musk deer farming could work as an effective measure to protect musk deer and provide sustainable musk resources, however, the musk production including MER and AME could be improved through optimizing the managing and breeding system in endangered musk deer farming.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

석조문화재 표면에 형성된 흑화 부위는 미적인 면에서뿐만 아니라 문화재 자체에도 손상을 끼치기 때문에 많은 문제가 되고 있다. 이러한 흑화 부위는 종종 많은 량의 철화합물을 함유하고 있어서, 다른 요소들과 함께 철화합물도 암석 표면의 흑화 현상에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 추정되고 있다. 독일 베를린 시에 있는 석조문화재(Museumsinsel) 내의 표면에서 시료를 채취한 후 함유 철의 이온상태와 화학성분을 결정하기 위하여 뫼스바우어 분광분석법을 사용하였다. 사용된 암석의 원상태와 흑화 부위의 분말시료에 대한 광물학적 및 화학적 분석을 선회절법과 X-선형광법으로 각각 시행하였다. 형성된 철 성분의 기원은 흑화 부위의 제거 등 석조문화재의 보존처리에 중요한 단서를 제공하기 때문에, 철을 다량 함유하고 있는 적색 사암에서 형성된 흑화 부위와 매우 소량 함유하고 있는 백색사암의 표면에 형성된 흑화 부위를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 백색사암 흑화 부위에서는 주변 환경물질에서 기인한 철 성분이, 적색사암 흑색부위에서는 원암에서 보여지는 철 성분이 주성분으로 추정되었다. 적색사암에 있어서는 흑화부위를 제거한 이후에라도 흑화의 주원인인 철 성분이 계속해서 모암의 내부로부터 표면으로 이동될 수 있기 때문에, 제거 이외의 보존처리법이 더 연구되어야한다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.226-241
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to find out the causal perception of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and to understand the typology. The Q-population consisted of 236 statements of causal perception were collected. Thirty eight Q-samples of causal perception were selected. The P-sample for this study were made up of 28 first visiting female rheumatoid arthritis patients from a rheumatoid arthritis specialty hospital. Each respondent responded Q-set of causal perception according to 9-point scale. The result of Q-sorting were coded and analyzed using QUANL PC program. 1) Typological Observation on Causal Perception (1) Physical Fatigue Type : Type 1 perceived that the illness occurred due to excessive work requiring physical labor or strain that had occurred from not resting after excessive physical labor, therefore, thinking the origin of the illness was from physical strain. (2) Physical origin Type : Type 2 perceived that the major cause for the illness is not only excessive physical labour but also fecundity and old age. (3) Causality to Environment Type : Type 3 perceived that rheumatoid arthritis occurred from injury to the joints or bad and humid weather. (4) Conscience of Guilty Type : Type 4 consisted of people with guilty conscience for lack of religious commitment. They perceived that the illness was a punishment from God for not praying or because of bad luck. (5) Rationally Perceiving Type : People who belong in type 5 perceived the cause of illness in light of scientific facts such as genetics, unbalanced diet or lack of exercise. (6) Psychological Stress Type : People who belong in type 6 believed that excessive stress was the cause of the illness. 2) Emotions of Rheumatoid arthritis patients Rheumatoid arthritis patients' positive emotions included determination, courage, coping, acceptance, hope, and adoption ; and their negative emotions were prostration, worry, stupor, conflicts, grievance, giving-up, resignation, depression, loss, solitariness, fear, anxiety, avoidance, anger and loneliness. Rheumatoid arthritis patients experience different level of emotions from their suffering experience from the severe pains. Rheumatoid arthritis patients also experience negative emotions when they could not perform self-care and lose their self-esteem from painful suffering ; however, they regain positive emotions when they recover from pain with the use of drugs, physical therapy or exercise. Their emotional states are closely connected to level of and presence of pain.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.4678-4702
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• 2018

Traffic Matrix estimation has always caught attention from researchers for better network management and future planning. With the advent of high traffic loads due to Cloud Computing platforms and Software Defined Networking based tunable routing and traffic management algorithms on the Internet, it is more necessary as ever to be able to predict current and future traffic volumes on the network. For large networks such origin-destination traffic prediction problem takes the form of a large under- constrained and under-determined system of equations with a dynamic measurement matrix. Previously, the researchers had relied on the assumption that the measurement (routing) matrix is stationary due to which the schemes are not suitable for modern software defined networks. In this work, we present our Compressed Sensing with Dynamic Model Estimation (CS-DME) architecture suitable for modern software defined networks. Our main contributions are: (1) we formulate an approach in which measurement matrix in the compressed sensing scheme can be accurately and dynamically estimated through a reformulation of the problem based on traffic demands. (2) We show that the problem formulation using a dynamic measurement matrix based on instantaneous traffic demands may be used instead of a stationary binary routing matrix which is more suitable to modern Software Defined Networks that are constantly evolving in terms of routing by inspection of its Eigen Spectrum using two real world datasets. (3) We also show that linking this compressed measurement matrix dynamically with the measured parameters can lead to acceptable estimation of Origin Destination (OD) Traffic flows with marginally poor results with other state-of-art schemes relying on fixed measurement matrices. (4) Furthermore, using this compressed reformulated problem, a new strategy for selection of vantage points for most efficient traffic matrix estimation is also presented through a secondary compression technique based on subset of link measurements. Experimental evaluation of proposed technique using real world datasets Abilene and GEANT shows that the technique is practical to be used in modern software defined networks. Further, the performance of the scheme is compared with recent state of the art techniques proposed in research literature.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.131-150
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to explore the family as an interaction system, concentrating on the mutual influences between communication and family development; (1) how Communication patterns affect family relationships, and (2) how relationships among family members affect communication. In order to do this Galvin, Brommel used the following frame work; family is a system in which communication regulates cohesion and adaptability by a flow of message patterns through a defined network of evolving interdependent relationships. A family system consists of members, the relationships among them, the family attributes, the members attributes and an environment in which family functions. Within the framework of common cultural communication patterns, each family has the capacity to develop its own communication code based on the experiences of individual members and the collective family experience. Most of us develop our communication skills within the family context learning both the general cultural language and the specific familial communication code. Communication may be viewed as a symbolic, transactional process as the process of creating and sharing meanings. To say that communication is a process implies a continuous interaction of an indefinite large numbers of variables with a concomitant,. continuous change in the values taken by these variables. Finally the process implies change, Family functions include the primary functions of cohesion and adaptability, and supporting functions of family images, themes, boundaries, and biosocial issues. The primary functions reveal concepts integrated family interaction and supporting function, along with those of cohesion and adaptability, give shape to family life. the characteristics of developed relationships of richness, uniqueness efficiency, substitutability, pacing , openness spontaneity, and evaluation are reflected in the verbal and nonverbal behaviors with which family members negotiated a set of common meanings and develop thier own unique message system. The message system is the major element of communication process and influences both the form and the content of thier relationship and in create and share meanings. Family systems need to provide order and predictability for thier members, specifically focusing on communication rules and the networks by which messages are transmitted. Most rules emerge as a result of multiful interactions. There are basic rules and rules about rules, or metarules. Perceiving the rules of family system is very difficult because often family members don't think about the basic rules, much less the metarules. Breaking the rule may result in the creation of a new set because the system may recalibrate itself to accept more variety of behavior. Families develop communication networks to deal with the general issue. Family adaptability may be seen through the degree of flexibility in forming and reforming networks and networks become a vital part of the decision- making process and relate to the power dynamics operating within the family. Networks also play an integral part in maintaining the roles and rules operating with the family system. Thus networks and rules have mutual influence. The family -of -origin issues influence all aspects of family communication and account for many of the communication patterns, rules and networks and the role of the family -of-origin influences as a primary force for communication on behavior of newly forming systems. Each family system develops its own communication meanings. There is not one right way to communicate within a family but may be indefinitly large change of family life and communication behavior. Study on functional family communication helps to gain a better understanding of dynamics of family communication and ability of a new insight into the family.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.73-93
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• 2006

소나무과 나무들은 자연생태계와 경관에 중요하고 경제적 가치도 높아 국민들이 가장 좋아하는 나무이지만 분포, 생태 및 자연사에 대한 정보는 적다. 이 연구는 한반도 소나무과 나무들의 분류체계, 계통발생과 기원, 외관, 분포, 산포와 이동, 생태를 검토하였다. 한반도에 자생하는 소나무과 나무는 소나무속, 가문비나무속, 이깔나무속, 전나무속, 솔송나무속에 속하는 5속 16종이다. 계통적으로 소나무속은 가문비나무속과 이깔나무속에 가까우며, 전나무속은 솔송나무속과 서로 가깝다. 플라이스토세 빙하기에 북방에서 들어온 침엽수들은 후빙기를 거치면서 한랭한 고산대와 아고산대에 살아남았다. 일부 침엽수는 한반도 북부와 남부 산지에 고립되어 적응하면서 풍산가문비나무나 구상나무와 같은 고유종이 되었다. 울릉도의 섬잣나무와 솔송나무는 오랫동안 격리되어 분포하는 종류이다. 한반도의 고산대와 아고산대에 자라며 씨앗에 날개가 없는 눈잣나무, 잣나무는 잣까마귀, 솔잣새, 어치 등 조류와 다람쥐 청서 등 설치류가 퍼트린다. 날개가 있는 소나무과 나무들은 주로 바람에 의해 씨앗이 퍼지는 것으로 보는데, 씨앗의 날개가 클수록 바람에 쉽게 퍼져 분포역이 넓고, 날개 크기가 작을수록 분포역이 좁다. 북한과 남한의 고산대와 아고산대와 섬에 격리되어 분포하는 종은 지구온난화와 같은 환경변화에 취약하며, 최근에 빠르게 확산되는 소나무재선충병은 소나무와 곰솔에 큰 위협이다. 나무를 근거로 자연환경 변천사를 복원하고, 자연생태계를 이해하며, 환경변화를 예측할 수 있다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.301-312
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• 2018

오늘날 산업용 무선 센서 망 환경에서 화재나 유독가스와 같은 연속 개체 탐지는 위험성과 대규모 피해로 인해 중요한 문제로 다뤄지고 있다. 연속 개체는 한 지점에서 발생하여 점차 넒은 범위로 확산되는 특징을 가지기 때문에 자원 제약적인 무선 센서 망 환경에서 연속 개체를 탐지한 다수의 센서 노드가 고정 싱크에게 데이터를 전송하게 되면 막대한 통신 오버헤드가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 기존 연구에서는 실시간으로 확장되는 연속 개체를 정확하게 탐지하고, 다량의 센싱 데이터를 에너지 효율적인 방식으로 전송하는 데에 중점을 두었다. 그러나 최근 들어 화재 진압과 같은 실시간 대응이 필요한 응용분야를 위해 연속 개체 탐지에 이동 싱크 도입이 필요하다는 의견이 나타나고 있다. 이러한 경우, 이동 싱크의 위치 갱신을 위해 다수의 소스와 이동 싱크 간 통신이 빈번하게 일어남으로써 무선 센서망의 에너지 소모가 급격하게 증가하는 문제가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 무선 센서 망을 이용한 연속 개체 탐지에서 이동 싱크를 지원하기 위한 발원점 중심의 통신 방안을 제안한다. 실험결과는 제안 방안이 기존 방안에 비해 이동 싱크의 위치정보 갱신 및 센싱 데이터 보고에 더 적은 에너지를 소모함을 보인다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제41호
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• pp.149-185
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• 2010

본고는 하서 김인후의 <효부(孝賦)>를 통해 하서의 문학적 역량 및 학문적 양상을 살펴보았다. 이에 <효부(孝賦)>의 내용은 인간의 본연과 근원, 인륜의 교법과 효행(孝行), 학문의 의의와 효성(孝誠), 학문의 차서와 방법, 학문의 대규(大規)와 효양(孝養), 발문(跋文) 등으로 나누어졌다. 첫째, 하서는 본연(本然) 근원(根源) 애경(愛敬)에 주목하여 효(孝)를 인간의 본연과 근원적인 문제로 간주하였다. 모든 사물에 당연한 법칙이 있고 사람에게도 당연한 법칙이 있으니 천지와 같은 어버이를 섬기는 도, 일상 속에서 행하는 친친(親親)과 경장(敬長), 곧 애경(愛敬)의 실천이 인간의 본연과 근원을 지키는 것이라고 여겼다. 둘째, 하서는 교법(敎法) 효행(孝行) 대효(大孝)를 말하면서 인간의 본연과 근원을 보존하고 회복하는 교법(敎法)의 문제를 중요하게 제시하고 사치스런 겉치레나 형식적인 효행을 지양하고 분수에 맞는 실질적인 효행을 주장하였다. 이에 어버이 섬기는 도를 다한 순임금의 대효(大孝)야말로 가장 모범적인 인륜의 교법이 된다고 하였다. 셋째, 지진(知眞) 순리(循理) 효성(孝誠)을 제시하면서 인간의 본연을 회복하고 근원을 찾는 것이 학문의 의의이며, 지진(知眞)과 애경(愛敬)이 바로 학문의 의의가 됨을 밝혔다. 그리고 부모님이 낳아주신 몸을 손상 없이 하는 것이 진정한 효성이며, 돌아가신 뒤에도 어버이의 뜻을 계승하고 사업을 이어서 정성껏 보존하는 것이 지극한 효라고 하였다. 넷째, 하서는 공(孔) 맹(孟)을 학문의 표준으로 삼고 주자의 학설을 추종하여 학문의 차례와 방법을 그대로 따랐다. 주자가 마땅한 이치를 궁구하고 몸을 닦는 것이 학문의 큰 길이라고 말한 것에 근거하여 나무의 뿌리를 북돋아주고 가지와 잎이 번성하지 않게 해야 하듯이 날마다 쓰는 인륜에 효제(孝悌)가 근본이 되도록 해야 한다고 하였다. 다섯째, 본립(本立) 효도(孝道) 효양(孝養)에 주목하면서 박학(博學)보다는 독학(篤學)을 중시하였다. 이에 학문의 엽등(獵等)을 경계하고 작은 결과에 만족하는 것을 부끄럽게 여겼으며, 학문에 있어 큰 규칙을 세우는 것을 중시하였다. 그리고 실정과 예절에 맞게 행하는 효도(孝道)를 강조하여 어버이를 사랑하는 효자에게는 반드시 화기(和氣) 유색(愉色) 완용(婉容)이 있다고 하였다.