• 한국어교육
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.25-51
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the differences in pitch perception between tonal and non-tonal language listeners. A total of 60 Korean and Chinese listeners participated in the perception test. A two-syllable nonsense word /paba/ was manipulated in five steps. The pitch height or contour on the second syllable was raised or lowered. Both groups were asked to select which of the two syllables had the higher pitch. The findings showed that the majority of Korean listeners (GK) perceived decreased pitch as each peak of the syllable was lowered and perceived increased pitch as it was raised, which means the pitch height is a primary perceptual cue for GK. However, Chinese listeners (GC) perceived sensitive pitch movements as the pitch contour changed. GC's perception may presumably be affected by the L1's tone sandhi. We found it reasonable to assume that language experience has a significant effect on the cross-linguistic perceptual differences between tone and non-tonal language listeners.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.289-293
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• 1996

In Korean, as with Kana and Kanji in Japanese, two kinds of word-writing systems--Hangul (the Korean alphabet) and Hanja (the Chinese character; Kanji in Japanese)--have been and still are being used. Hangul is phonetic while Hanja is ideographic. A phonetic alphabet represents the pronunciation of words, wheras ideographs are where a character of a writing system represents a concept. Aphasics suffer from language disorders following brain damage. The reading and writing of Hangul and Hanja by two Korean Broca's aphasics were analyzed with two goals. The first goal was to confirm the functional autonomy of reading and writing systems in the brain that has been argued by other researchers. The second goal was to reveal what difference the subjects show in reading and writing Hangul and Hanja. As experimental materials, 50 monosyllabic words were chosen in Hangul and Hanja respectively. The 50 word pairs of Hangul and Hanja have the same meaning and are also the most familiar monosyllabic words for a group of normal adults in their fifties and sixties. The errors that the aphasic subjects made in performing the experimental materials are analyzed and discussed here. This analysis has confirmed that reading and writing systems are located in different parts in the brain. Furthemore, it seems clear that the two writing systems of Hangul and Hanja have their own respective processes.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.364-364
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• 2000

It has been widely discussed in phonology that syllable structure of mother tongue influences one's acquisition of foreign language. However, the topic was hardly examined experimentally. So, we investigated effects of Korean syllable structure when Korean speakers pronounce English words, especially focusing on consonant strings that are not allowed in Korean. In the experiment, all the subjects are divided into 3 groups, that is, native, experienced, and inexperienced speakers. Native group consists of 1 male English native speaker. Experienced and inexperienced are each composed of 3 male Korean speakers. These 2 groups are divided by the length of residence in the country using English as a native language. 41 mono-syllable words are prepared considering the position (onset vs. coda), characteristic (stops, affricates, fricatives), and number of consonant. Then, the length of the consonant cluster is measured. To eliminate tempo effect, the measured length is normalized using the length of the word 'say' in the carrier sentence. Measurement of consonant cluster is the relative time period between the initiation of energy (onset I coda) which is acoustically representative of noise (consonant portion) and voicing. bar (vowel portion) in a syllable. Statistical method is used to estimate the differences among 3 groups. For each word, analysis of variance (ANDY A) and Post Hoc tests are carried out.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 2023

Due to a mistranslation of Sanskrit to Chinese, East Asian Buddhist community misunderstands the original meaning of the fundamental word, 'sachal(寺刹)'. Sanskrit chattra, a parasol on top of a venerated Indian stupa buried with Buddha's sarira, became the symbol of majesty. The Indian stupa was transformed into a pagoda in China, and the highlighted parasol on the summit was transliterated into chaldara(刹多羅), an abbreviation for chal (刹), and finally designated the whole pagoda(塔). Sachal consists with lying low monastery and high-rise pagoda. Tapsa(塔寺), an archaic word of temple, is exactly the same as sachal, because chal means tap, pagoda. However, during the 7th century a Buddhist monk erroneously double-transliterated the Sanskrit 'kshetra,' meaning of land, into the same word as chal, even despite phonetic disaccord. Thereafter, sutra translators followed and copied the error for long centuries. It was the Japanese pioneer scholars that worsen the situation 100 years ago, to publish Sanskrit dictionaries with the errors insisting on phonetic transliteration, though pronunciation of 'kshe-' which is quite different from 'cha-.' Thereafter, upcoming scholars followed their fallacy without any verification. Fallacy of chal, meaning of land, dominates Buddhist community broadly, falling into conviction of collective fixed dogma in East Asia up to now. In the Buddhist community, it is the most important matter to recognize that the same language has become to refer completely different objects due to translation errors. As a research method, searching for corresponding Sanskrit words in translated sutras and dictionaries of Buddhism is predominant. Then, after analyzing the authenticity, the fallacy toward the truth will be corrected.

• 기술사
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1988

The writer has worked out his original philosophy both scientific and religious, which he calls "Knownism" The new thought states; the word "known" in "knownism" means "already well-informed in the providence" about the essence of the things, and the true state of the reality, hence the knownism, as the existence of God is set forth as a premise. The knownism is a philosophy unified reasonably the science and the faith into one, for the humans can perceive and realize the essence and the true state, and authorize the truth transcending the experience by the scientific method. The new thought of the knownism is a bridge-building between the natural science and the religious faith. The idea explains that the life is the process to pursue the essence of the things and the god, and the truth is immanent in the original nature of things and in God′s sphere. This thought is a philorophy of possibility to solve the paradigms-to-be such as thinking, faith experience, and supernatural power, so that it presents a vision in the human life as a profitable religious science philosophy. The knownism is much different from agnosticism, skepticism, empiricism, and agnosticism. The grace of God may be detected differently from the supernatural power. The new dark clouds overspread abruptly the summer sky are not new ones but originally derived frosm worn-out water drops. Thus those are called the old clouds. The Korean word "known"(노운) of which pronunciation is same with the English "known" means the old clouds, hence also the name, Knownism. The root of the new clouds is detectable from the preserved old clouds. The old clouds symbolized in the paper indicate the essence and the principles of the things and the fittest, or the key for the solution of the problem in the epistemology, believing that everything has its own, proper nature, the writer sums up his theory by insisting that the humans have to find out the "old clouds" or the "known" in knownism to live eternally either in this world or in other dimensions, though the human beings are transformed into the other phases of life. The writer proclaims through the ideas for the United Nations to fortify the Confederate System of World Nations in order to ensure the world peace and the future of the humans.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2012

Nowadays, fewer Japanese university students are taking PhD degrees in the U.S.A than Koreans or Taiwanese. The language barrier is considered as one of major reasons for this. This lack of international education is one of the reasons cited, as Japan has been falling behind in industrial globalization. Reading aloud is a good practice for learning a foreign language, since many areas of our brains are simultaneously activated. Furthermore, students have a chance to overcome the psychological barrier in reading aloud in front of others, in a meeting. The authors start the voluntary meeting (which is unrelated to official classes of the curriculum) by reading English articles aloud. Topics in the meeting are selected from articles on web sites, therefore, (1) textbooks were not needed, (2) voice data could be listened to, and (3) the meaning and the pronunciation of an unknown word could be checked by web tools. Once the methodology has been mastered, volunteer students can manage the meeting. The authors introduce our experiments conducted at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ehime University.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

치아의 3가지 기능인 저작, 발음, 심미 중 하나인 Aesthetic 이란 단어는 단순히 예쁘다는 뜻은 아니다. Harmony가 빠진 심미는 심미라 할 수 없다. 주변치아와의 조화, 입술, 정중선, 안모 등등 주위 환경과의 조화가 이루어 질 때 그것이 진정한 심미라 할 수 있다. 조화로운 보철물 제작을 위해 많은 정보가 기공사에게 전달이 되어야 하며, 기공사 또한 진료실에 필요한 정보를 요구하여야 한다. 신선하지 않은 재료로 맛있는 음식을 만들 수 없다. 신선한 재료를 공급한다 해도 요리사의 실력이 없다면 역시 맛있는 음식을 만들 수 없다. 실력 있는 요리사가 신선한 재료를 갖고 요리에 최선을 다할 수 있는 조건을 갖춘 상황 아래서 일류 요리가 만들어 진다. 본 연구에서는 조화로운 심미보철을 위해 공유해야 할 진료팀과 기공팀의 팀워크에 대한 내용에 대해 알아보고자 한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2009년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.120-126
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• 2009

정보화 시대가 빠르게 성장하면서 디지털 텍스트의 양도 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 수많은 디지털 텍스트를 파악하기 위한 시각화 사례가 증가하고 있다. 기존의 디지털 텍스트 시각화 디자인은 스태밍 알고리즘(stemming algorithm)의 도입과 단어 빈도수를 추출하여 주제어를 형상화하여 텍스트의 의미를 부각시키고 문장과 문장을 연결해주는 것에 치중하고 있다. 이에 디지털 텍스트의 정서적인 느낌을 시각화할 수 있는 운율을 표현하는 것에 있어서 미흡했던 부분이 사실이다. 운율을 보다 효과적으로 표현할 수 있는 음운단위로는 음절을 들 수 있다. 문장에서 음절은 단어나 구, 문장의 발음에 가장 기본적인 발음 단위가 된다. 이를 기본으로 강세, 성조, 운율 요소들의 길이 등이 음절에 기반을 두고 있다. 음절을 정의하는 것과 가장 밀접한 연관이 있는 공명도(sonority)는 발화할 때 폐의 공기 흐름과 운동 에너지(Kinetic energy)를 공명도로 명시되는 음향에너지(acoustic energy)로 표현한 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 관점에서 디지털 텍스트의 속성인 음절을 기반으로 음운론적 정의와 특성을 살펴보고 운율을 다이어그램을 통해 시각화하기 위한 방법을 연구한다. 실험을 통해 디지털 텍스트를 발음기호로 변환한 후, 모든 언어속의 리듬에서 출발된 음절의 공명도를 사용하고 디지털 텍스트를 음절화하여 운율 정보를 이미지로 시각화한다. 운율 정보를 시각화함으로써 디지털 텍스트의 음절 정보를 알 수 있고, 디지털 텍스트의 정서를 다이어그램을 통해 체계적인 공식에 의하여 사용자의 이해를 돕도록 표현한다. 이에 해당 텍스트의 운율을 보다 쉽게 파악하도록 설계하여 디지털 정보 시각화를 구현하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.166-177
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to create letters for of nonliterary Pulang tribe in Thailand those who immigrant from China. illiterate Pulang tribe hand down their tradition by primary oral culture therefore their tradition can't initiate and keep, moreover, it may disappear throughout history. So it is expected to crusade against unlettered people. The scheme of research adopted in this study was a minority race who habitate at the northern Machan, Chiangrai in Thailand. It is not only analysis of language but also the eradication of literacy and the research based on linguistic, ethnolinguistic, and primary oral culture. Five Pulang people who live in that area were chosen for creating letters. By using the I. P. A., after each word was listen to their pronunciation one by one it was described and repeated this process several times; the material words and humanbody were pointed in front of them while other words were described by gesture. For final description, number of people were in the lineup for listening the sound of words and phrases to sentences. In the first stage, it was an analysis segmental of Pulang: vocoid, contoid and diphthong were described with each sample syllables and words. The suprasegmental were studied with intonation and juncture of the words in the second stage. Two words were compared and different meanings within their intonation and juncture were shown. At the end of this part, each case of phonemic or morphophonemics representation described the juncture in the words. In the third stage, minimal pairs were analyzed with vowels and consonants and described in free variation based on words. In the last stage, syllable structure in open syllable and closed syllable was studied and then each syllable of its structure was analyzed with samples. There were thirty-two phonemes in apong Pulang as follows: seven vocoids; a, i, e, o, u, ${\ae}$, and $\wedge$, one diphthong; wu, 24 contoids; b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, k, 1, m, n, ${\eta}, {\;}p^{h}$, p, p, r, s, s, sh, t, t, w, and y. Their pronunciations of p, s, d, $p^{h}$, j, and t are frequently used in speech and are unique in triphthong. Moreover, most of the words used initial and final consonant cluster.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.37-42
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• 1996

This study aims to see some prosodic features of English spoken by Japanese learners of English. It focuses on speech rates, pauses, and intonation when the learners read an English passage. Three Japanese learners of English, who are all male university students, were asked to read the speech material, an English passage of 110 word length, at their normal reading speed. Then a native speaker of English, a male American English teacher. was asked to read the same passage. The Japanese speakers were also asked to read a Japanese passage of 286 letters (Japanese Kana) to compare the reading of English with that of japanese. Their speech was analyzed on a computerized system (KAY Computerized Speech Lab). Wave forms, spectrograms, and F0 contours were shown on the screen to measure the duration of pauses, phrases and sentences and to observe intonation contours. One finding of the experiment was that the movement of the low speakers' speech rates showed a similar tendency in their reading of the English passage. Reading of the Japanese passage by the three learners also had a similar tendency in the movement of speech rates. Another finding was that the frequency of pauses in the learners speech was greater than that in the speech of the native speaker, but that the ration of the total pause length to the whole utterance length was about tile same in both the learners' and the native speaker's speech. A similar tendency was observed about the learners' reading of the Japanese passage except that they used shorter pauses in the mid-sentence position. As to intonation contours, we found that the learners used a narrower pitch range than the native speaker in their reading of the English passage while they used a wider pitch range as they read the Japanese passage. It was found that the learners tended to use falling intonation before pauses whereas the native speaker used different intonation patterns. These findings are applicable to the teaching of English pronunciation at the passage level in the sense that they can show the learners. Japanese here, what their problems are and how they could be solved.