• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2017

The rainfall amount data measured by 'Wootaek', a method of measuring how far the moisture had absorbed into the soil when it rains during the Joseon Dynasty, were estimated with the Chugugi data in the 12 sites where both the 'Wootaek' and 'Chugugi' data are available. Excluding the 5 sites (Ganghwa, Jinju, Jeonju, Chuncheon, Hamheung) poor in sample data, the 'Wootaek' data 1 'Ri' and 1 'Seo' in 'Chugugi' unit (Bun) in the 7 sites; Suwon, Gwangju (Gyeonggi-do), Gongju, Daegu, Wonju, Haeju and Pyeongyang, were 11.1/5.6 Bun, 9.4/3.2 Bun, 14.0/5.7 Bun, 9.3/3.9 Bun, 13.6/4.3 Bun, 11.3/4.8 Bun and 16.8/7.4 Bun, respectively. The Chugugi unit 1 'Bun' is equall to approximately 2 'mm'. The average of the 7 sites is 13.1/5.7 Bun, however it becomes small to 11.7/4.5 Bun when the Pyeongyang of which data is considerably distributed over wide range is excluded, showing that the 'Wootaek' data 1 'Ri' is approximately the 2.3~2.6 times of 1 'Seo'. It is recommended to use the individual estimates of the sites in utilizing the 'Wootaek' rainfall data of 352 stations across the country restored from the "Gaksa-deungnok".

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.389-400
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• 2013

Chugugi and Wootaeck rainfall data of Gyeonggi Province from 1830 to 1893 were restored from the "Gaksadeungnok" that is the government records between the central government and the local during the Joseon Dynasty. The restored data periods were 27, 10, 9 and 14 years for Kwangju, Suwon, Ganghwa and Gaeseong, and the total number of restored data was 655 for the Chugugi and 427 for the Wootaek, respectively. The variation pattern of monthly rainfall by Chugugi was investigated and it showed that the monthly rainfall more than 300 mm was recorded 25 times with 18 times in July, 5 times in August and 3 times in June. The cases of more than 500 mm were also recorded 8 times with the maximum 787 mm at the Kwangju in July 1862, showing the similar pattern to Seoul. The monthly mean rainfall for the Gyeonggi Province were 259 mm in July, 204 mm in August and 121 mm in June, which were about one third of that of Seoul. The correlation analysis between the Chugugi and Wootaek data was carried out to derive the quantitative values of Wootaek observations. It revealed that 1 'Ri' of Wootaek observation was equal to approximately 1 'Chon (Chugugi unit)' or 20 mm, while 1 'Seo' was very variable between 2 and 6 'Boon (Chugugi unit)' with the median value approximately 3 'Boon' or 6 mm. Recalculated Wootaek data showed that the monthly rainfall in July, August, and June were 289 mm, 154 mm, and 124 mm, respectively. Through this study, some features of the rainfall variation pattern during 1830~1893 were figured out, and quantitative interpretation of Wootaek data became possible based on the restored rainfall data from the "Gaksadeungnok". Though many pages of the book have been lost during the last hundreds years, "Gaksadeungnok" is still very meaningful and of practical use, for it contains plenty of the local data throughout the whole country during the latter part of Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, further studies are strongly recommended on the restoration of climate related data and on the climatic tendency of 19th century of Korean peninsular.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.481-489
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• 2014

The Chugugi and Wootaek data of Gyeongsang-do (Dagu, Jinju, Goseong) were restored from "Gaksadeungnok", the governmental documents reported by the local government to the central during the Joseon Dynasty, and analyzed. The duration of the restored data represents 6 years for Daegu (1863, 1872, 1890, 1897, 1898, and 1902), 3 years for Jinju (1897, 1898, and 1900), and 2 years for Goseong (1871 and 1873). Total number of the restored data was 134, including 83 in Daegu, 25 in Jinju, and 26 in Goseong with the period ranging from March to September. The summer data from June to August accounts for approximately 50% (73 data), while the April data also shows relatively high number of 22, followed by September and March. Most data was collected from March to October, while this time winter data was not found even in October. The rainfall patterns using Chugugi data were investigated. First, the number of days with rainfall by annual mean showed 41 days in Daegu, 39 in Jinju, 33 in Goseong, respectively. In terms of the time series distribution of daily rainfall, the ratio between the number of occurrences with over 40 mm of heavy rainfall and the number of rainy days showed 14 times (8%) in Daegu, 24 (39%) in Jinju, and 4 (6%) in Goseong, respectively. The maximum daily rainfall during the period was recorded with 80mm in Jinju on August 24, 1900. The result of analyzing monthly amount of rainfall clearly indicated more precipitation in summer (June, July and August) with the relatively high records of 284 mm and 422 mm in April, 1872 and July, 1902, respectively, in Daegu, while Jinju recorded the highest value of 506 mm in June, 1898. When comparing the data with those observed by Chugugi in Seoul during the same period from "Seungjeongwonilgi", the monthly rainfall patterns in Daegu and Seoul were quite similar except for the year of 1890 and 1897 in which many data were missing. In particular, in June 1898 the rainfall amount of Jinju recorded as much as 506 mm, almost 4 times of that of Seoul (134 mm). Based on this, it is possible to presume that there was a large amount of the precipitation in the southern region during 1898. According to the calculated result of Wootaek data based on Chugugi observations, the unit of 1 'Ri' and 1 'Seo' in Daegu can be interpreted into 18.6 mm and 7.8 mm. When taking into consideration with the previous result found in Gyeonggi-do (Cho et al., 2013), 1 'Ri' and 1 'Seo' may be close to 20.5 mm and 8.1 mm, however, more future investigations and studies will be essential to verify the exact values.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.719-734
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• 2015

Korea is one of the country with the world's oldest meteorological observation records. Starting with first meteorological record of fog in Goguryeo in the year of 34 BC, Korea had left a great deal of quantitative observation records, from the Three Kingdoms Period to Goryeo to Joseon. During the Joseon Dynasty, with a great attention by kings, efforts were particularly made to measure rainfall in a systematic and scientific manner. In the 23rd year of King Sejong (1441), the world's first rain gauge called "Chugugi" was invented; in the following year (1442), a nationwide rainfall observation network was established. The King Sejong distributed Chugugi to 350 observation stations throughout the state, even to small towns and villages, for measuring and recording rainfall. The rainfall observation using Chugugi, initiated by King Sejong, had been in place for about 150 years, but halted during national disturbances such as Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Since then, the observation had been forgotten for a long time until the rainfall observation by Chugugi was resumed in the 48th year of King Yeongjo (1770). King Yeongjo adopted most of the existing observation system established by King Sejong, including the size of Chugugi and observation rules. He, however, significantly reduced the number of Chugugi observation stations to 14, and commanded the 352 local authorities such as Bu, Gun, Hyeon to conduct "Wootaek", a method of measuring how far the moisture had absorbed into the soil when it rains. Later on, six more Chugugi stations were established. If the number of stations of Chugugi and Wootaek are combined together, the total number of rainfall observation station in the late period of Joseon Dynasty was 372. The rainfall observation with Chugugi during the Joseon Dynasty is of significance and excellence in three aspects: 1) the standard size of Chugugi was so scientifically designed that it is as great as today's modern rain gauge; 2) rainfall was precisely measured, even with unit of Bun (2 mm); and 3) the observation network was distributed on a nationwide basis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.282-283
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 기존의 화면해설 방송 제작 방법을 보완하기 위한 TTS 를 이용한 화면해설 방송 제작 방법을 제안한다. 우선 화면해설 방송이 삽입 될 수 있는 구간을 검출하기 위해 에너지 값과 스펙트럼 도심 값을 이용하여 묵음구간을 검출하고 검출된 구간에 TTS 를 이용하여 화면 해설을 삽입하였다. 제안한 방법을 이용하면 기존의 화면해설 방송 제작에 소요되는 인적, 시간적 노력을 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 화면해설 방송 콘텐츠의 양적 증가를 통해 시각 장애인들의 방송 접근성을 향상시키는 효과를 가져올 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.284-285
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• 2013

Kinect를 통해 Color영상과 Depth영상을 받아온 후, 사람과 사람의 스켈레톤이 검출되도록 했다. 스켈레톤이 검출되면 머리 위치를 중심으로 얼굴 유효영역을 만들고, 효율적인 얼굴 검출로 사용자 인식이 가능하도록 했다. 스켈레톤 검출 및 추적을 통해, 4가지 감정에 대해 제스쳐를 정의했으며, 각 감정에 따른 제스쳐를 취했을 때 정의한 감정이 인식되는지 실험했다. 실험 결과, 제스쳐를 통한 감정 인식 성공률이 86~88% 나왔으며, 이 제스쳐 인식이 다른 감정인식 방법과 융합될 필요가 있다.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

In the common rail fuel injection system, which is the core of diesel high efficiency and NO_X reduction, injection strategies such as high pressure injection of fuel, accurate injection rate control, and multistage injection are important to increase fuel atomization. In this study, the bypass type piezo injector for the electronic control based common rail injection system applied to diesel fuel vehicle was studied. In particular, the injection rate and internal fuel flow characteristics of the high-pressure injector according to the piezo stacking number and applied voltage were analyzed by theoretical numerical method. When the applied voltage changes, it is determined that additional fuel flow through the bypass compensates for the reduced valve driving force due to the change in the driving voltage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.79-80
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• 2013

화면해설방송이란 시각장애인들이 TV 프로그램, 영화와 같은 미디어에 접근할 수 있도록 해주는 서비스로써 화면을 볼 수 없는 시각장애인들을 위해 상황 변화적 요소와 자막, 그래픽 등의 시각적 요소들을 설명하여 프로그램 내용의 이해를 도와주는 서비스이다. 이러한 화면해설은 대사나 효과음이 없는 부분에 전체 프로그램의 이해를 저해하지 않는 수준에서 삽입된다. 본 논문에서는 화면해설방송 제작을 위한 무 대사 구간 검출 방법을 제안한다. 본 방법은 방송스트림에 포함되어 있는 오디오와 자막 정보를 분석함으로써 화면해설을 삽입할 수 있는 구간을 검출한다. 실제 방송컨텐츠를 이용한 실험을 통해 본 방법을 검증하고 성능을 확인한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.175-176
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 시각장애인의 TV 시청 보조기술인 화면해설방송(Descriptive Video Service)에 있어 다양한 편의 기술을 적용하여 저작자로 하여금 편리하고 경제적으로 화면해설방송물을 제작할 수 있도록 하는 저작 기술을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 화면해설 대본 작성의 편의를 위한 화면해설 삽입 추천 기술과 성우 음성 더빙을 대체할 수 있는 TTS 기반의 합성음성 기술, 또한 마스터 오디오와 합성음성 화면해설을 믹싱하기 위한 오디오 믹싱 기술을 포함한다. 마지막으로, 제안하는 기술의 구현 예를 제시한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2019.06a
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• pp.153-155
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 컨볼루션 신경망을 이용하여 예측 된 공간 오디오 큐를 이용한 오디오 채널 확장 기술을 소개한다. 오디오 채널 확장 기술은 일반적인 스테레오 신호에 적용되어 5.1 레이아웃과 같은 고차원 오디오 신호를 생성하는 기술이다. 스테레오 신호에서 채널을 확장하기 위해 스테레오 신호에서 공간 큐를 예측하고 예측 공간 큐의 방향에 따라 5.1 채널 신호의 스펙트럼 구성 요소를 할당하여 다중 채널 신호를 합성한다. 제안된 방식으로 생성된 5.1 채널 신호는 원 5.1 채널과 유사한 공간 정보 합성 능력과 스테레오 대비 주관적 선호도가 개선된 음질을 제공한다.