• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.70-75
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of difference in urban tree plantings on microclimate amelioration, and to suggest essential information for quantifying urban energy budgets and energy savings. This study was focused on measuring and analyzing air temperature and relative humidity in summer. Daytime air temperatures at places with 8%, 24%, 44%, 79%, and 100% cover of woody plants were, respectively, $0.6^{\circ}C,\;1.3^{\circ}C,\;2.4^{\circ}C,\;3.5^{\circ}C,\;and\;4.8^{\circ}C$ cooler, compared to a place with 0% cover. A 10% increase of woody plant cover was estimated to reduce the temperature by approximately $0.55^{\circ}C$. The temperature reduction effects were relatively greater between places with lower cover of woody plants than between those with higher cover. Woody plant cover and crown volume were the appropriate indicators which quantified the effects of tree plantings on air temperatures, based on the correlation analysis. Regression equations to estimate temperature change ($Y:^{\circ}C$) using woody plant cover ($X_1:%$) or crown volume ($X_2:m^3$) as independent variables are as follows: $$1nY=3.3233-0.0018X_1\;(r^2=0.99,\;p<0.0001)\;Y=27.5297-0.0019X_2\;(r^2=0.96,\;p=0.0007)$$

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

The fruit color characteristics and persisting period of deciduous woody landscape plants were investigated through the field survey in Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The summary of the study results was as follows; The total fruit color persisting period was about 320 days from May 1, 1992 when Prunus mume was beginning of fruit coloring, to March 20, 1993 when the fruits of Platanus occidentalis and platanus X acerifolia were persisting. And the plants of fruit persisting period over 60 days after leaf falling were Vibumum erosum, Ilex serrata, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Platanus X acerifolia, Platanus occidentalis, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropupurea', Ligustrum obtusifolium. According to the KBS standard color number, 52.6% of of the fruit color were red, 18.9% yellow, 11.6% black, green 9.5%, white 2.1%, violet 1.1%, and red is followed black 4.2%. Evodia daniellii, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Ilex serrata, Ginkgo biloba, Lindera obtusiloba, and Lindera erythrocarpa should be planted male and female species together for fruits. We got the new information on the fruit color characteritics and persisting period of Malus 'Hopa', Malus 'Almey', Malus 'Pioneer X', Acer rubrum, Malus prunifolia, Pyrus serotina, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea', Vibumum rhytidophyllum, Rosa spp. Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Magnolia stellata, Aronia arbutifolia, Sorbus alnifolia, Lonicera japonica var. aueroreticulta, and Ligustrum X vicaryi. And we need to introduce new cultivars of woody landscape plants including Malus spp, Berberis spp, Sorbus alnifolia yellow autumn leaf clone etc. for the better planting design. The fruit persisting period of woody landscape plants studied by fruit name was that sorosis 276 days, samara 155 days, legume 153 days, hip 133 days, pome was 124 days, drupe 92 days, berry 73 days, capsule 67 days, follicle 55 days and nut 52 days respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.363-371
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• 2002

Several people called our attention to two books in which many new name were made by T. Nakai. Upon checking Mori and Handbook of Korea-Mandschurian Forestry, we found that there were more than 50 apparently overlooked and naked names for the Korean woody plants. Also, new combinations or avowed substitutes of some woody plants by several authors (Y. Lee, T. Lee and W. Lee) based on previously and validly published names were not validly published because their basionyms or the replaced synonyms were not clearly indicated and a full and direct reference was not given to their authors and places of valid publications, with pages or plate references and dates. These names should not be used any more. We consider it useful to summarize the results of this preliminary investigation and invalid names of woody plants are enlisted here. Hopefully, this note will alert other researchers to look into these works for other herbaceous Korean plants.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.251-266
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• 1990

Extrafloral nectaries have been shown in many studies to promote mutualistic interactions between plants and insects(usually ants) that visit the glands. The insects gain sugars, water and amino acids secreted by the extrafloral nectaries and benefit the plants by reducing the damage caused by plant's inseet herbivores. Little is known about the occurrence of extrafloral nectaries in plants growing in Asia. To learn about the occurrence of extrafloral nectary bearing plants in Korea, living plants and herbarium material were examined for the glands. In addition, the cover of plants with extrafloral nectaries and the proportion of woody plants with extrafloral nectaries were measured in three forest communities on Kangwha Island. 131 species of plants belonging to 53 genera and 30 families were found to have extrafloral nectaries. These 131 species comprise about 4.0% of Korea's flora, a highet percentage of extrafloral nectary bearing plants than occurs in the studied areas of North America. Extrafloral nectary bearing plants occupied 7, 23 and 55% of the covers and comprised 15, 21 and 15% of the woody plants in the three different forests, a significant level of occurrence. Many important Korean crop plants were found to have extrafloral nectaries including : sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam), persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) cotton (Gossypium indicum Lam.), mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.), red bean (Phaseolus angularis W.F.), peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch.), plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Many of these cultivated and wild plants may receive protection by ants and other beneficial insects that visit their extrafloral nectaries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.84-95
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• 2001

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration methods for the decomposed granite roadside cutslopes by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods(NTRM). Four woody species, 3 shrub species, 4 native grasses, 8 wild flowers and 2 cool-season grasses were used. The experiment was conducted with the purpose of developing ecological restoration techniques by achieving following objectives for restoration by using native woody plants, shrubs, native plants and wild flowers; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Restoring naturalness to human-altered landscapes are important to protecting the worlds biodiversity. In this study, to restore or create an ecological community use as full a complement of native species as possible. Ecological restoration means returning a specific sites to its predisturbance condition. 2. Some species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. In this study, cool season grasses was used small amount than native plants and woody species, because and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria grows well. Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass shows quick germination, but they could not inhibit the other species growing relatively slow. Pinus thunbergii used at Gonam near the ocean was suppressed by the other plants, so it can be concluded that using container seedlings is effective than seeding. 4. Ailanthus altissima, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhus chinensis Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria were germinated. In wild flowers, Coreopsis lanceolata, Dianthus sinensis, Coreopsis tinctoria, and Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus grew well and show enough plant height which will not suppressed by shrub and woody plants. After one year, native grasses such as Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii cover the slopes well. 5. 25 herbaceous plants such as Trifolium repens, Arthraxon hispidus, Barbarea orthocerae, Potentilla fragarioides, Lepidium apetalum, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Glycine soja, Rubus crataegifolius and 4 woody species such as Lespedeza maximowiczii, Robinia pseudoacacia, Symplocos Chinensis, Quercus acutissma were invaded. 6. Ecological restoration works by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods for revegetation of the decomposed granite roadside cutslopes were successfully accomplished. It prevents surface water erosion and shows diverse vegetation structure. It will be successful to restore decomposed granite cutslopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.70-82
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• 2007

Aiming at nature's early restoring needs to select plant species harmonizing with surrounding environment that fits to restoring goal of ultimately aiming at woody plants dominant vegetation that protect and stabilize surface parts of bared slopes. And it is important to make it assimilated with surrounding natural vegetation by differentiating planning of seed mixtures. Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Methods (JSB Method) was developed to increase the effect of landscape change according to seasons not to simple hydro-seeding by reducing rate of foreign grasses while raising rate of wild flower using. It was considered that using wild flowers that bloom on each season solved the problems of slope landscapes that looks artificial and uninteresting. After researching environmental condition of the slopes, JSB Method has shown that, as of wet-type method, soil is relatively soft and the difference of thickness of plant base soil media affects on the difference of soil hardness. In case of soil hardness of 8.8~17mm, there's dangerousness of slope's collapsing, but it has shown that growth of plant was favorable. For the acidity of soil, most of them are in the type of neutralized soil of more than pH 6. And after analyzing the degree of woody plants dominance, it had shown that lower part was occupied with wild flowers and other herbaceous species like China pin, golden phesant mum, pitcher plant, and middle and upper part was occupied with woody plants like silk-tree, sumac forming multi-layer structure. It can be concluded that the restoration objects of the woody plant vegetation on the roadside slopes can be accomplished successfully by Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Method (JSB method).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2003

This study explored effects of urban greenspace on improving atmospheric environment, which is concerned with $CO_2$, SO$_2$ and NO$_2$ uptake, and with reduction of summer air temperatures. The site of this study was focused on Jung-gu in Seoul. Tree density and cover were 1.1 trees/100 $m^2$ and 12.5% respectively for the study area except forest lands. Atmospheric purification by greenspace was associated with changes in tree cover per unit area of each land use type. The mean $CO_2$ storage by woody plants was 19.4t/ha, and annual uptake averaged 2.2t/ha/yr for $CO_2$, 1.9kg/ha/yr for SO$_2$ and 5.0kg/ha/yr for NO$_2$. Entire tree plantings in the study area played a significant role by annually offsetting $CO_2$ emissions of about 1,830t from fossil fuel consumption by 330 persons, SO$_2$ emissions of 1,620kg by 1,080 persons, and NO$_2$ emissions of 4,230kg by 450 persons. The summer air temperature was 3.6$^{\circ}C$ cooler at a location with 54% cover of woody plants and 4.5$^{\circ}C$ cooler at a forest site with 100% cover, compared to a place with no planting. A 10% increase of woody plant cover was estimated to decrease summer air temperature by approximately 0.6$^{\circ}C$ until a certain level of canopy cover. Analyzing data from the Automatic Weather Stations in Seoul revealed that increasing tree cover decreased mean air temperature for the summer season (Jun~Aug) in a nonlinear function. Woody plant cover was the best predictive variable of summer temperature reduction. The results from this study are expected to be useful in emphasizing the environmental benefits and importance of urban greenspace enlargement, and in urging the necessity for planting and management budgets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of woody plants. Five native plants were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. In order to identify the best seeding time, germination percentage, ground cover rate and plant height were investigated. There was a difference in germination percentage and ground cover rate depending on the seeding time. The results are summerized as follows 1. Characteristics of germination : Seeding was best carried out in spring(May, June) or autumn(September). In spring, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya shows quick germination and rapid growing which can be compared with herbaceous plants using in the hydroseeding. As for Pinus thunbergii, there was little difference in germinatin according to different seeding timing. But Evodia daniellii, Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Alnus hirsuta seem to need seed treatments to improve the seed germination. 2. Ground cover rate : The most rapid growing plant is Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and the next is Amorpha fruticosa. The other plants show extreamly low ground cover rate, so they seem to be surpressed by herbaceous plants which will be mixed for erosion control. 3. Plant height : On 8 weeks later after seeding, the Lespedeza cyrtobotrya which was seeded in June recorded 17.1cm plant height. It will be enouch height to compete with herbaceous plants. As the Parthenocissus tricuspjdata seeded in May shows 27cm plant length, it can be used more frequently on seeding works if the seed germination were improved. In sum, seeding is best carried out in May. When deciding seeding rate for the purpose of hydroseeding, it will be necessary to adjust the woody plants germination percentage according to seeding timing.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 1999

Heavy metal accumulation in living organisms through food-wed can give serious damage on physiological responses for vital activities. The initiation of heavy metal supposed to begin from the bio-accumulation of plants. To establish basic data fur heavy metal contents in plants at the area without artificial contamination, both woody and herb plants at Mt. Kwang-Duk were studied. The content of heavy metals in various organs of plants were analyzed by ICP. The range of heavy metals in plants for Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe. Mn, Pb, Se and Zn were 1.019∼257.200ppm, O∼2.929ppm, 0∼0.079ppm, 0∼0.054ppm, 0.023∼3.007ppm, 0∼1.997ppm, 2.031∼148.500ppm, 1.069∼51.320ppm, O∼126.900ppm, 0.708∼4.927ppm and 0.846∼4.949ppm, respectively. The amount of heavy metals in plants are much less than that of soil except some species. In woody plants, it was detected that the metal contents of leaves were higher than that of stems especially in case of Al and Fe with statistical significance. There were significant differences between shoots and roots of herb plants in metal content of Al, Co and Fe. Those metals have more accumulated in roots comparing with shoots. Some species of plants had shown the difference tendency of heavy metal accumulation. Generally, most species had not exceeded over twice of mean value each other, and had various difference according to the kinds of heavy metals.